Microsatellite instability in multifocal urothelial carcinoma and effect on BAX and AXIN2
Annette M. Walsh1, Gregory G. Bailly2, David G. Bell2, Richard W. Norman2, Rekha Gupta1, Ekram Zayed1, Bassam A. Nassar1,3,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.10, No.5, pp. 2000-2006, 2003
Abstract Objectives: Urothelial carcinomas have a synchronous or metachronous multifocal pattern of occurrence, questioning their clonal origin. Genetic alterations such as microsatellite instability (MSI) affect various tumors including urothelial cancers. These alterations can affect repeat sequences and cause mutations in coding regions of genes involved in transformation, tumor suppression and apoptosis. Recently, the eight-guanine (G8) and the seven-guanine (G7) repeat sequences of the BAX and AXIN2 genes respectively, were shown altered in different cancers. Since BAX is involved in apoptosis while the AXIN2 is involved in β-catenin metabolism, a protein involved in cell adhesion and DNA transcription, and… More >