Open Access

EDITORIAL

Leonard G. Gomella
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 233-234, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.083134 - 20 April 2026
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LEGENDS IN UROLOGY

Martin A. Koyle
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 235-238, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.081440 - 20 April 2026
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ARTICLE

İbrahim Üntan^1,*, Nuh Aldemir²
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 239-248, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.076805 - 20 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Endoscopic Management of Urolithiasis)
Abstract Background: Ureteral stones are a common cause of acute renal colic, and while most small stones pass spontaneously, reliable predictors of passage are needed to optimize patient selection for conservative management. This study aims to evaluate the role of radiologic, clinical and laboratory parameters—particularly the proximal/distal (P/D) ureteral diameter ratio—in predicting spontaneous passage of <10 mm ureteral stones. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 277 patients diagnosed with ureteral calculi <10 mm on non-contrast computed tomography between September 2022 and September 2025. Pregnant patients, solitary kidney cases, congenital anomalies, active urinary infection, and incomplete… More >

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ARTICLE

Simone Tammaro¹, Francesco Di Fiore², Felice Crocetto³, Celeste Manfredi^1,*, Claudia Collà Ruvolo³, Gianluigi Califano³, Biagio Barone⁴, Davide Arcaniolo¹, Lorenzo Spirito¹, Francesco Paolo Calace², Pasquale Reccia², Ferdinando Fusco¹, Marco De Sio¹, Raffaele Balsamo²
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 249-259, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.072617 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Background: Thulium laser vaporization of the prostate (ThuVAP) is an established treatment for benign prostatic obstruction, but its impact on urodynamic parameters remains poorly defined. This study aimed to quantify the de-obstructive efficacy of ThuVAP through pre- and postoperative urodynamic comparisons and to assess the relationship between urodynamic improvement and symptom relief. Methods: In a prospective single-center cohort (June 2022–June 2024), men with urodynamically confirmed obstruction underwent standardized ThuVAP with a 200-W thulium:YAG system. Baseline and 6-month invasive urodynamics and 12-month clinical follow-up were performed. The primary endpoint was the change in the bladder outlet… More >

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ARTICLE

Zhenzhen Yang^1,#, Linxin Jiang^2,#, Shan Yin^3,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 261-270, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.069717 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Objectives: Kidney stone disease is increasingly prevalent and may be linked to metabolic factors such as insulin resistance, but there is currently no direct evidence connecting estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) to kidney stones. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between eGDR and kidney stone prevalence. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis utilizing data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007–2018, including 29,753 participants aged 20 years and older. Weighted multivariable logistic regression and nonlinear models were employed to assess the relationship between eGDR and self-reported kidney stone history. Results: Among… More >

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ARTICLE

Benedikt Becker^1,2, Sophia Hook¹, Carla Dapper¹, Julius Bergmann¹, Christopher Netsch¹, Simon Filmar^1,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 271-279, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.072386 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Background: Holmium: yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Ho: YAG) laser technology has long been employed for urinary stone fragmentation; however, its limitations have prompted the exploration of alternative systems such as thulium lasers. This study aims to compare a novel pulsed solid-state Thulium: YAG (Tm: YAG) laser to the standard Ho: YAG laser in Mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (Mini-PCNL) lithotripsy for renal calculi. Methods: In total, 100 patients undergoing Mini-PCNL were enrolled in this clinical trial. Fifty patients treated with a holmium laser were selected from a retrospective database. These patients were compared to fifty patients who were prospectively enrolled and… More >

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ARTICLE

Nazım Furkan Günay^*, Mücahit Gelmiş, Çağlar Dizdaroğlu, Abdullah Esmeray, Ufuk Çağlar, Ömer Sarılar, Faruk Özgör
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 281-290, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.072419 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) poses unique challenges in the management of renal stones, and high-quality evidence to guide treatment decisions is limited. This study aimed to compare the effects of flexible ureteroscopy (f-URS) and mini-percutaneous nephrolithotomy (m-PCNL) on perioperative outcomes and long-term renal function in patients with CKD and renal stones. Methods: This prospective randomized study included 60 CKD patients with renal stones measuring 1–4 cm. Participants were randomized into f-URS (n = 24) and m-PCNL (n = 36) groups. Baseline demographics, stone characteristics, and perioperative parameters were recorded. Stone-free rate (SFR) was defined… More >

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REVIEW

Yahya Ghazwani^1,2,3, Mohammad Alghafees^1,2,3,*, Mishari Alshasha^1,2,3, Fahad Brayan^1,2,3, Abdulrahman Alsayyari^1,2,3, Ali Alyami^1,2,3
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 291-308, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.077411 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Objectives: The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and predictive modeling offers prospects for clinical, anatomical, and imaging factor combination, like radiomics, to help with stone-free status (SFS) estimation and peroperative decision-making. The goal of this study was, therefore, to define the present performance range, determine sources of heterogeneity, and determine methodological practices permitting reliable implementation by varied circumstances. Methods: We searched six bibliographic databases through 19 September 2025. Studies deriving or validating AI/predictive models for SFS after ureteroscopy were eligible. Independent dual screening, duplicate data extraction, and risk-of-bias consideration using QUADAS-AI were conducted. Results: Five retrospective… More >

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REVIEW

Yifan Huang^1,2,#, Bingzhi Han^2,#, Zikai Huang^1,2, Qianhao Huang², Tao Wang^2,*, Yuedong Chen^1,2,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 309-323, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.070466 - 20 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Urolithiasis in Focus: Integrated Perspectives on Infection, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Contemporary Management)
Abstract Objectives: The external physical vibration lithecbole (EPVL) is a new device. It is clinically employed to improve the stone-free rate (SFR). However, it is not widely accepted in clinical practice due to the lack of high-level evidentiary support and a standard protocol. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of external physical vibration lithecbole (EPVL) as an adjunct to extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) or retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for upper urinary tract stones. Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and the Cochrane Library… More >

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ARTICLE

Shu-Yu Wu^1,2, Ching-Chia Li^3,4,5, Wen-Jeng Wu^3,4,5, Kuan-Hua Huang^6,7, Chien-Liang Liu^8,9, Shian-Shiang Wang^10,11,12, Jian-Ri Li^10,11, Han-Yu Weng¹³, Ta-Yao Tai¹³, Pi-Che Chen¹⁴, Ian-Seng Cheong¹⁴, Chung-You Tsai^15,16, Pai-Yu Cheng^15,17, Jian-Hua Hong^18,19, Chung-Hsin Chen¹⁹, Jen-Shu Tseng^20,21,22, Wun-Rong Lin^20,21, Yuan-Hong Jiang^2,23, Yu-Khun Lee^2,23, Po-Hung Lin^24,25,26, See-Tong Pang²⁴, Yung-Tai Chen²⁷, Wei-Chieh Chen²⁸, Chia-Chang Wu^29,30,31, Thomas Y. Hsueh^32,33, Hsu-Che Huang^34,35, Wei-Yu Lin^36,37,38, Chia-Cheng Yu³⁹, Jen-Kai Fang⁴⁰, Chih-Chin Yu^1,2, Yao-Chou Tsai^1,2,28,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 325-337, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.069390 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Introduction: Upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) is a rare malignancy, particularly in the ureter, and is associated with high rates of recurrence and metastasis. Although body mass index (BMI) has been associated with prognosis in multiple cancer types, its role as a predictive factor in UTUC is still debated. This study aimed to investigate how BMI influences survival outcomes in patients with UTUC treated with radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). Methods: This multi-center retrospective analysis by the Taiwan UTUC Collaboration Group involved 2503 patients who underwent treatment across 19 hospitals from 1988 to 2022. Patients were… More >

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ARTICLE

Xiangyu Chen^#, Congzhe Ren^#, Lijun Xie, Xiaoqiang Liu^*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 339-348, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.069578 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Background: Regional differences in the incidence of prostate cancer (PCa) and prostatitis may be due to different food intake. But which foods affect PCa and prostatitis development or progression remains controversial. This study aims to explore the causal relationship between PCa and prostatitis and 30 different foods using two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) and multivariable MR (MVMR) analysis. Methods: Data on 30 different foods were screened from the UK Biobank. PCa data came from a large meta-analysis of 140,254 individuals; prostatitis was obtained from the FinnGen consortium. The inverse variance weighted method was the main analysis… More >

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ARTICLE

George Liatsos^*, Kalliopi Zioutou, Konstantinos Avramidis, Konstantinos Vamvakaris, Maria Potamiti-Komi, Dimitrios Vassilopoulos
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 349-360, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.072711 - 20 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Bladder and Prostate Cancers and Clinical Trials in Urologic Oncology)
Abstract Objectives: Bladder cancer (BC) is a prevalent malignancy with evolving treatment strategies and an increasingly aging patient population, resulting in a growing and complex burden of hospitalizations that extends beyond urological care and remains insufficiently characterized in real-world Internal Medicine settings. This study aimed to analyze the clinical data and outcomes for patients with BC admitted to the medicine ward. Additionally, this research presents three cases of fever of unknown origin, which all exhibited identical clinical and laboratory findings but ultimately resulted in different disease diagnoses. Methods: This retrospective case-series study included all adult patients… More >

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ARTICLE

Jingcheng Lyu^1,2,#, Ruiyu Yue^1,2,#, Ye Tian^1,2,*, Boyu Yang^1,2,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 361-375, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.074814 - 20 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advancing Early Detection of Prostate Cancer: Innovations, Challenges, and Future Directions)
Abstract Objectives: Patients with a multi-parameter magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) prostate imaging report and data system (PI-RADS) score ≤ 3, but with clinically significant prostate cancer (CSPCa) detected by biopsy, are termed MRI-Invisible prostate cancer (MRI(-)PCa). This study aims to explore risk factors for MRI(-)PCa and identify immunohistochemical indicators with predictive significance. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 376 patients with PI-RADS score ≤ 3 who underwent 24-needle systematic prostate biopsy at Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University (January 2015 to October 2025). Clinical data, imaging data, and Angiogenic factor with G and FHA domain… More >

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60

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ARTICLE

Serkan Özcan^1,*, Mertcan Dama², Enis Mert Yorulmaz¹, Osman Köse¹, Sacit Nuri Görgel¹, Yiğit Akın¹
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 377-386, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.072282 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Objectives: Holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) is an established treatment for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), but early postoperative dysuria and incontinence remain common concerns. The Virtual Basket (VB) mode has been proposed to reduce tissue trauma. This study evaluated whether VB use improves early postoperative recovery without compromising HoLEP efficacy. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 168 men who underwent HoLEP between September 2023 and September 2024. Patients were categorized into three groups according to laser settings: 100 W Standard (n = 65), 100 W VB (n = 49), and 80 W VB (n =… More >

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564

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144

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ARTICLE

Wei Zhang, Xixi Peng^*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 387-401, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.072565 - 20 April 2026
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integrating Multi-Disciplinary Insights in Urological Oncology: A Bridge from Molecular Research to Precision Clinical Practice)
Abstract Background: Observational studies have suggested potential associations between myocardial infarction (MI) and cancer risk, but the causal nature of these relationships remains unclear due to confounding factors and reverse causation. We aimed to investigate the bidirectional causal relationships between MI and urinary system cancers using genetic instruments. Methods: We conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies. Genetic variants associated with MI were used as instrumental variables (n = 19 SNPs for prostate cancer [PCa] and malignant neoplasm of kidney [MRN], n = 6 SNPs for bladder cancer,… More >

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ARTICLE

Kai Dang^1,2,#, Teng Cui^1,2,#, Yongan Zhou^1,2, Jiayuan Ji^1,2, Yang Yang^1,2, Xiangyu Wang^1,2, Jing Xiao^1,2,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 403-415, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.068291 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Objectives: Although renal colic is a well-known acute manifestation of urolithiasis, the relationship between its pain severity and a range of clinical parameters has not been clearly established by comprehensive studies. This study aimed to construct and validate a simple and accurate clinical nomogram for predicting the occurrence of more intense acute renal colic (ARC) in patients with urolithiasis. Methods: The development and validation of the prediction model followed the reporting standards outlined in the TRIPOD checklist. A retrospective analysis was conducted on 285 patients who visited the Department of Urology at Beijing Friendship Hospital,… More >

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ARTICLE

Shanhong Luo¹, Hongjuan Xu^2,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 417-426, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.069884 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Background: Early detection and timely treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) can prevent the aggravation of the inflammatory response following a stroke and enhance the recovery of neurological function. This study aimed to develop a simple scoring system by integrating nutritional and inflammatory markers to predict the occurrence of UTIs in patients with acute stroke. Methods: Reviews of 1011 patients with acute stroke were retrieved. The Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI) and systemic inflammation response index (SIRI) were utilized to develop a composite score of nutritional-systemic inflammation response index (G-SIRI). The primary endpoint was the… More >

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190

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ARTICLE

Mark W. Shilling¹, Shawn L. Fernandez², George J. Ryan¹, Juila G. Kim³, David C. Majure⁴, Frances M. Alba⁵, Reza Ehsanian^1,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 427-440, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.070606 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Background: Individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI) are at high risk for developing neurogenic bladder or neurogenic lower urinary tract dysfunction (NLUTD), which can lead to severe complications and negatively impact quality of life. Despite the critical need for timely urologic care, barriers to access remain poorly understood, particularly in resource-limited settings. This study aims to identify systemic and perceived barriers to urologic follow-up for individuals with SCI treated at an academic medical center. Methods: A single-center, observational study was conducted on individuals presenting with a diagnosis code indicative of complete SCI at an academic… More >

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ARTICLE

Manish Kuchakulla^1,2,*, Hriday P. Bhambhvani^1,2, Robert Fisch^1,2, Runzhuo Ma^1,2, Jonathan Gal², Marc Goldstein²
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 441-449, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.071275 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Objectives: Men with obstructive azoospermia (OA) or infertility often require surgical sperm retrieval for assisted reproductive techniques. While sperm can be successfully obtained from either the testis or epididymis in these patients, sperm DNA integrity may differ between retrieval sites, which could influence reproductive outcomes. This study aimed to determine whether bilateral epididymal and/or testicular sperm extraction is necessary in men with OA or infertility and elevated DNA fragmentation index (DFI). Methods: We retrospectively analyzed men who underwent bilateral testicular biopsy and/or microscopic epididymal sperm aspiration (MESA) by a single surgeon from 2020–2022. TUNEL assays… More >

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ARTICLE

Jaisa Kaufmann^1,*, Max Bouvette², Abdul Qadar¹, Dominic Frimberger¹, Adam Rensing¹, Bhalaajee Meenakshi-Sundaram¹
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 451-457, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2026.074190 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Background: Pediatric opioid use has been associated with serious adverse effects, including persistent use and overdose. Recent studies have shown that opioid needs may be minimal following outpatient pediatric urologic surgery. Post-operative pain regimens following pediatric penile surgery are not standardized. This study aimed to identify current opioid prescribing practices following hypospadias repair. Methods: An online survey was administered to members of the Societies for Pediatric Urology, including eight questions surrounding physician demographics, hypospadias repair case volume, attitudes regarding opioid prescription in pediatric urology, and post-operative pain regimens. Responses were stratified for analysis. Results: A total… More >

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CASE REPORT

Francesco Cianflone¹, Giuseppe Ottone Cirulli¹, Alessio Villano¹, Mohammad Eisa Ali¹, Mirko Belliato², Roberto Veronesi², Germana Bichisao³, Carlo Marchetti¹, Simona Secondino⁴, Paolo Pedrazzoli^4,5, Stefano Pelenghi⁶, Carlo Pellegrini^6,7, Andrea Ringressi¹, Richard Naspro^1,7,*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 459-470, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.073002 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Background: Robot-assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) is standard for cT1 renal masses, but its feasibility in patients on temporary mechanical circulatory support is poorly documented. We report RAPN performed while a patient was simultaneously supported with venous-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) and Impella^®, as part of a staged plan for left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation and eventual heart transplantation. Case Presentation: A 51-year-old man presented with ST-elevation myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock requiring percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting, dual antiplatelet therapy, and combined VA ECMO–Impella^® support. During workup for cardiac transplant, computed tomography (CT) staging… More >

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CASE REPORT

Sarah M. Kodres–O’Brien^*, Mackenzie Koellermeier, Nayan Shah, Peter Langenstroer
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 471-476, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.069550 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Background: Retained bullet fragments in the genitourinary tract following gunshot wound is rare and require removal. Case Description: We present the case of a retained bullet in the prostate following a gunshot wound to the pelvis, which was endoscopically removed. A urethral catheter and suprapubic tube were placed. The patient then had migration of a second bullet fragment into the prostatic urethra six weeks later, requiring open removal. Conclusions: This case shows that several approaches can be considered to remove retained bullet fragments from the urinary tract. Furthermore, access to the bladder via a suprapubic tube More >

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CASE REPORT

Angelos Samaras, Stefan Aufderklamm, Bastian Amend, Viktoria Stühler, Arnulf Stenzl, Igor Tsaur, Steffen Rausch^*
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 477-481, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.068588 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Background: Penile fracture is a rare urological emergency, especially when it involves a urethral injury. Case Description: Here, we report the case of a 41-year-old male patient with penile trauma during sexual intercourse, presenting with typical clinical signs of corpus cavernosum rupture and gross hematuria. Emergency surgical exploration revealed an additional partial urethral injury (approximately 1.5 cm in length), which was primarily closed. Surgical management included a vertical penoscrotal incision, evacuation of hematoma, double-layer re-approximation of the urethra, closure of the tunica albuginea, and placement of both transurethral and suprapubic catheters. The postoperative course was uneventful, More >

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CASE REPORT

Kazuki Yanagida^1,2, Daisuke Watanabe^1,2,3,*, Hazuki Inoue¹, Takashi Ujiie¹, Akio Mizushima^2,3
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 483-487, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.068677 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Background: Vesicourethral foreign bodies are frequently encountered in urological emergency departments; however, cases of penetrating injury to the corpus spongiosum penis and bulbous urethra are rare. Case Description: A 64-year-old man presented with difficulty removing a foreign body that he had inserted into his urethra for masturbation. Abdominal computed tomography (CT) revealed a rod-shaped foreign body lodged from the bulbous urethra to the posterior wall of the bladder. Cystoscopy confirmed penetration of the foreign body into the urethral sponge at the bulbous urethra. An attempt was made to remove the foreign body transurethrally, but it was… More >

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CASE REPORT

Ida Nurwati¹, Uki Retno Budihastuti^1,2,*, Bhisma Murti³, Teguh Prakosa^1,2, Metanolia Sukmawati²
Canadian Journal of Urology, Vol.33, No.2, pp. 489-495, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cju.2025.068548 - 20 April 2026
Abstract Background: Varicocele is a common cause of male infertility, often associated with impaired sperm quality, hormonal imbalance, and increased DNA fragmentation. Electroacupuncture (EA) has been proposed as an adjunct therapy to improve reproductive parameters, but clinical evidence remains limited. Case Description: This case report describes a 38-year-old male with a varicocele treated at Dr. Moewardi General Hospital, Indonesia. The patient underwent 16 sessions of EA therapy. Sperm parameters and serum testosterone levels were measured before and after treatment. Following EA, sperm concentration improved from 5.2 to 6.7 × 10⁶/mL, motility increased from 43% to 60%, and More >

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