Open Access

REVIEW

Evaluation and research progress on rodent models of late-onset hypogonadism: a comprehensive review

Zheng Liu^1,#, Xuhong Yan^2,#, Guicheng Liu¹, Jingyi Zhang¹, Xujun Yu³, Degui Chang^1,*, Liang Dong^3,*

1 TCM Regulating Metabolic Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, China
2 Department of Dermatovenereology, Chengdu Second People’s Hospital, Chengdu, 610011, China
3 School of Medical and Life Sciences, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, China

* Corresponding Authors: Degui Chang. Email: ; Liang Dong. Email:
# These authors contributed equally to this work.

Canadian Journal of Urology 2025, 32(5), 385-400. https://doi.org/10.32604/cju.2025.068136

Received 21 May 2025; Accepted 20 August 2025; Issue published 30 October 2025

Abstract

Late-onset hypogonadism (LOH), characterized by the intersection of aging and androgen deficiency, impacts the health of approximately 2%−39% of middle-aged and elderly men, underscoring the need for comprehensive research. Animal models, serving as analogs of human diseases, are indispensable for investigating disease mechanisms and facilitating drug development. However, the diverse array of animal models utilized for LOH research has led to a lack of standardized modeling approaches and evaluation systems, potentially impeding progress in understanding the pathogenesis and therapeutic development. In this paper, we summarize and compile the characteristics, methods, and evaluation systems of rodent models for LOH research reported in the literature, and analyze the advantages and disadvantages of each model, to facilitate the optimal choice and development of rodent models for LOH research.

---

Keywords

---