Open Access

ARTICLE

3RVAV: A Three-Round Voting and Proof-of-Stake Consensus Protocol with Provable Byzantine Fault Tolerance

Abeer S. Al-Humaimeedy^*

Software Engineering Department, King Saud University, P.O. Box 4545, Riyadh, 145111, Saudi Arabia

* Corresponding Author: Abeer S. Al-Humaimeedy. Email:

Computers, Materials & Continua 2025, 85(3), 5207-5236. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.068273

Received 24 May 2025; Accepted 21 August 2025; Issue published 23 October 2025

Abstract

This paper presents 3RVAV (Three-Round Voting with Advanced Validation), a novel Byzantine Fault Tolerant consensus protocol combining Proof-of-Stake with a multi-phase voting mechanism. The protocol introduces three layers of randomized committee voting with distinct participant roles (Validators, Delegators, and Users), achieving -threshold approval per round through a verifiable random function (VRF)-based selection process. Our security analysis demonstrates 3RVAV provides resistance to Sybil attacks with participants and stake , while maintaining communication complexity. Experimental simulations show 3247 TPS throughput with 4-s finality, representing a 5.8× improvement over Algorand’s committee-based approach. The proposed protocol achieves approximately 4.2-s finality, demonstrating low latency while maintaining strong consistency and resilience. The protocol introduces a novel punishment matrix incorporating both stake slashing and probabilistic blacklisting, proving a Nash equilibrium for honest participation under rational actor assumptions.

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Keywords

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