Open Access

ARTICLE

Graph Attention Networks for Skin Lesion Classification with CNN-Driven Node Features

Ghadah Naif Alwakid¹, Samabia Tehsin^2,*, Mamoona Humayun^3,*, Asad Farooq², Ibrahim Alrashdi¹, Amjad Alsirhani¹

1 Department of Computer Science, College of Computer and Information Sciences, Jouf University, Sakakah, 72341, Saudi Arabia
2 Centre of Excellence-AI (CoE-AI), Bahria University Islamabad Campus, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
3 Department of Computing, School of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, University of Roehampton, London, 610101, UK

* Corresponding Authors: Samabia Tehsin. Email: ; Mamoona Humayun. Email:

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Emerging Machine Learning Methods and Applications)

Computers, Materials & Continua 2026, 86(1), 1-21. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmc.2025.069162

Received 16 June 2025; Accepted 18 September 2025; Issue published 10 November 2025

Abstract

Skin diseases affect millions worldwide. Early detection is key to preventing disfigurement, lifelong disability, or death. Dermoscopic images acquired in primary-care settings show high intra-class visual similarity and severe class imbalance, and occasional imaging artifacts can create ambiguity for state-of-the-art convolutional neural networks (CNNs). We frame skin lesion recognition as graph-based reasoning and, to ensure fair evaluation and avoid data leakage, adopt a strict lesion-level partitioning strategy. Each image is first over-segmented using SLIC (Simple Linear Iterative Clustering) to produce perceptually homogeneous superpixels. These superpixels form the nodes of a region-adjacency graph whose edges encode spatial continuity. Node attributes are 1280-dimensional embeddings extracted with a lightweight yet expressive EfficientNet-B0 backbone, providing strong representational power at modest computational cost. The resulting graphs are processed by a five-layer Graph Attention Network (GAT) that learns to weight inter-node relationships dynamically and aggregates multi-hop context before classifying lesions into seven classes with a log-softmax output. Extensive experiments on the DermaMNIST benchmark show the proposed pipeline achieves 88.35% accuracy and 98.04% AUC, outperforming contemporary CNNs, AutoML approaches, and alternative graph neural networks. An ablation study indicates EfficientNet-B0 produces superior node descriptors compared with ResNet-18 and DenseNet, and that roughly five GAT layers strike a good balance between being too shallow and over-deep while avoiding oversmoothing. The method requires no data augmentation or external metadata, making it a drop-in upgrade for clinical computer-aided diagnosis systems.

---

Keywords

---