Open Access

ARTICLE

A Novel Cascaded TID-FOI Controller Tuned with Walrus Optimization Algorithm for Frequency Regulation of Deregulated Power System

Geetanjali Dei^1,2, Deepak Kumar Gupta¹, Binod Kumar Sahu², Amitkumar V. Jha³, Bhargav Appasani^3,*, Nicu Bizon^4,5,*

1 Department of Electrical Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, New Delhi, 110078, India
2 Department of Electrical Engineering, ITER, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, 751030, India
3 School of Electronics Engineering, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, 751024, India
4 Piteşti University Centre, The National University of Science and Technology Politehnica Bucharest, Pitesti, 110040, Romania
5 ICSI Energy, National Research and Development Institute for Cryogenic and Isotopic Technologies, Râmnicu Vâlcea, 240050, Romania

* Corresponding Authors: Bhargav Appasani. Email: ; Nicu Bizon. Email:

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Emerging Technologies for Future Smart Grids)

Energy Engineering 2025, 122(8), 3399-3431. https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2025.067357

Received 01 May 2025; Accepted 19 June 2025; Issue published 24 July 2025

Abstract

This paper presents an innovative and effective control strategy tailored for a deregulated, diversified energy system involving multiple interconnected area. Each area integrates a unique mix of power generation technologies: Area 1 combines thermal, hydro, and distributed generation; Area 2 utilizes a blend of thermal units, distributed solar technologies (DST), and hydro power; and Third control area hosts geothermal power station alongside thermal power generation unit and hydropower units. The suggested control system employs a multi-layered approach, featuring a blended methodology utilizing the Tilted Integral Derivative controller (TID) and the Fractional-Order Integral method to enhance performance and stability. The parameters of this hybrid TID-FOI controller are finely tuned using an advanced optimization method known as the Walrus Optimization Algorithm (WaOA). Performance analysis reveals that the combined TID-FOI controller significantly outperforms the TID and PID controllers when comparing their dynamic response across various system configurations. The study also incorporates investigation of redox flow batteries within the broader scope of energy storage applications to assess their impact on system performance. In addition, the research explores the controller’s effectiveness under different power exchange scenarios in a deregulated market, accounting for restrictions on generation ramp rates and governor hysteresis effects in dynamic control. To ensure the reliability and resilience of the presented methodology, the system transitions and develops across a broad range of varying parameters and stochastic load fluctuation. To wrap up, the study offers a pioneering control approach—a hybrid TID-FOI controller optimized via the Walrus Optimization Algorithm (WaOA)—designed for enhanced stability and performance in a complex, three-region hybrid energy system functioning within a deregulated framework.

---

Keywords

---