Open Access

REVIEW

3D Printing of Organic and Biological Materials

Priyadarshini Patel, Komal Parmar^*

ROFEL Shri G.M. Bilakhia College of Pharmacy, Rajju Shroff ROFEL University, Vapi, 396191, India

* Corresponding Author: Komal Parmar. Email:

Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2025, 21(12), 2855-2903. https://doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2025.069428

Received 23 June 2025; Accepted 26 December 2025; Issue published 31 December 2025

Abstract

Tissue engineering has advanced remarkably in developing functional tissue substitutes for pharmaceutical and regenerative applications. Among emerging technologies, three-dimensional (3D) printing, or additive manufacturing, enables precise fabrication of biocompatible materials, living cells, and scaffolds into complex, viable constructs. Within regenerative medicine, 3D bioprinting addresses the growing demand for transplantable tissues and organs by assembling biological materials that replicate native architectures. This paper reviews biomaterials used in 3D bioprinting, emphasizing how their rheological behavior, particularly viscoelasticity and thixotropy, governs printability, structural fidelity, and cellular viability. The advantages and limitations of natural, synthetic, and composite bioinks are analyzed in relation to their mechanical performance and flow properties. In addition, common 3D bioprinting techniques such as extrusion, inkjet, and laser-assisted methods are outlined with reference to their compatibility with various material systems. Recent applications in bone, cartilage, vascular, skin, neural, cardiac, hepatic, and pulmonary tissue engineering are briefly summarized.

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