Open Access
REVIEW
Wei Tong1,2,*, Chuyi Peng2, Yugang Zhao3,4
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2026.088107
Abstract The freezing of water droplets represents a fundamental phase-change phenomenon with far-reaching implications across anti-icing technologies, additive manufacturing, cryopreservation, and atmospheric science. The solidification process is governed by a complex interplay of heat transfer, phase-change kinetics, interfacial phenomena, and solute redistribution in multicomponent systems. The final frozen morphology emerges from competition among multiple physical mechanisms: the degree of supercooling, recalescence and dendritic growth, freezing front propagation, freezing-induced volume expansion, vapor release and frost halo formation, and freezing segregation coupled with interfacial flow. This review provides a comprehensive synthesis of droplet freezing morphology, organized around three… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Amira Trodi1,2,*, Nawal Ferroudj3, Amel Labed4, Riadh Bourzami5, Hasan Köten6,*, Mohamed El Hocine Benhamza2
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2026.083935
Abstract This study demonstrates that natural convection and heat transfer in a square cavity can be significantly enhanced using a water-based Al2O3–Cu–TiO2 ternary hybrid nanofluid (THNF) with dual heat source–sink pairs. Using the finite volume method under a single-phase nanofluid model with the Boussinesq approximation, we investigate the effects of Rayleigh number (103 ≤ Ra ≤ 106), nanoparticle volume fraction (φ ≤ 0.1), nanofluid composition, and source–sink configuration on flow structures, temperature distribution, and thermal performance. Validation against benchmark and literature data confirms the accuracy of our simulations. Results show that the optimal alternating source–sink arrangement with THNF More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Zerui Chen, Yixuan Zeng, Tengge Mi, Xiaomin Kang*
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2026.088130
Abstract Lithium-ion batteries are sensitive to operating temperature, making the Battery thermal management system (BTMS) a critical technical bottleneck in electric vehicle development. The liquid cooling plate is the core heat-exchange component in liquid cooling systems, and its optimized design directly sets the performance ceiling of BTMS. Unlike previous reviews that focused on single cooling methods or general BTMS performance, this review specifically addresses liquid cooling plate (LCP) channel design and optimization for prismatic/pouch lithium-ion batteries under water/glycol-based single-phase cooling, based on a systematic literature screening (2015–2026). This review systematically examines recent advances in channel structure… More >
Open Access
REVIEW
Fatima Naji Hadi, Saif W. Mohammed Ali*
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2026.086335
Abstract Recently, the thermoelectric cooler (TEC) has become popular as a technology that can provide cooling in a solid state because of its small size, high temperature control accuracy, silent operation, and environmental friendliness. Since the technology does not involve any refrigerants and moving components, it is appropriate for reliable localized cooling compared to vapor compression systems. Nevertheless, there are certain disadvantages associated with low efficiency and poor heat dissipation. This paper is dedicated to the review of recent developments in TEC technology, which concentrates mainly on aspects of performance and design determined by the application. More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Khaleel Al Khasawneh, Mohammad Ghafar*
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2026.084380
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Micro/Nano Thermal Systems for Industrial Applications: Performance Evaluation, Optimization, and Sustainable Solutions)
Abstract This study numerically investigated the flow of incompressible water-based hybrid nanofluid (Al2O3–Cu/water) in a two-dimensional horizontal microchannel with non-uniform porosity in the transverse direction. The medial region of the microchannel received a steady and uniform heat flux and was simultaneously exposed to a constant transverse magnetic field. While the remaining sections had an insulated wall without a magnetic effect. The results showed that the non-uniform porous layer suppressed the axial velocity, while the magnetic field further damped momentum by approximately 6–12% as Hartmann number increased from 0 to 40. Thermal response strongly correlated with flow inertia:… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Zhenghan Li, Yi Zhang, Yidi Wu, Guanghao Xu, Youtang Wang, Fang He*
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2026.086816
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Enhancing Heat and Mass Transfer in Multiphase Systems)
Abstract Greenhouses are widely used in agriculture to increase crop productivity, and additional heating is often necessary at night. Conventional natural-convection radiators used in greenhouse heating normally lead to high temperature near the ceiling while low temperatures at the bottom, and thus results in low heat utilization efficiency and high heat loss. The objective of this study was to quantify the effects of forced convection, an easy way to change the temperature field, on temperature uniformity and energy consumption in a small-scale insulated greenhouse at night. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed, and an… More >
Open Access
ARTICLE
Fei Wang1, Jiaxin Liu1,*, Jiang Liu1, Yongkang Niu2, Xilong Zhang1
Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2026.083399
（This article belongs to the Special Issue: Multi-Scale Heat and Mass Transfer: From Intensification to System Integration)
Abstract This paper focuses on the 21700 lithium-ion battery and addresses the heat dissipation requirements under a 3C high-rate discharge condition. Using numerical simulation methods, the thermal characteristics of the battery are systematically studied, and a multi-layer coupled thermal management system integrating honeycomb heat sink conduction, honeycomb channel liquid cooling, and phase change material (PCM) heat storage is designed and optimized. The research methodology adopts a stepwise multi-parameter optimization approach, progressing from a single cell to a complete system and from the inner layer to the outer layer. Based on the above experiments, the relevant thermophysical… More >
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