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Optimized Decision Tree and Black Box Learners for Revealing Genetic Causes of Bladder Cancer

Sait Can Yucebas*

Computer Engineering Department, Canakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Canakkale, 17100, Turkey

* Corresponding Author: Sait Can Yucebas. Email: email

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing 2023, 37(1), 49-71. https://doi.org/10.32604/iasc.2023.036871

Abstract

The number of studies in the literature that diagnose cancer with machine learning using genome data is quite limited. These studies focus on the prediction performance, and the extraction of genomic factors that cause disease is often overlooked. However, finding underlying genetic causes is very important in terms of early diagnosis, development of diagnostic kits, preventive medicine, etc. The motivation of our study was to diagnose bladder cancer (BCa) based on genetic data and to reveal underlying genetic factors by using machine-learning models. In addition, conducting hyper-parameter optimization to get the best performance from different models, which is overlooked in most studies, was another objective of the study. Within the framework of these motivations, C4.5, random forest (RF), artificial neural networks (ANN), and deep learning (DL) were used. In this way, the diagnostic performance of decision tree (DT)-based models and black box models on BCa was also compared. The most successful model, DL, yielded an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.985 and a mean square error (MSE) of 0.069. For each model, hyper-parameters were optimized by an evolutionary algorithm. On average, hyper-parameter optimization increased MSE, root mean square error (RMSE), LogLoss, and AUC by 30%, 17.5%, 13%, and 6.75%, respectively. The features causing BCa were extracted. For this purpose, entropy and Gini coefficients were used for DT-based methods, and the Gedeon variable importance was used for black box methods. The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs197412, rs2275928, rs12479919, rs798766 and rs2275928, whose BCa relations were proven in the literature, were found to be closely related to BCa. In addition, rs1994624 and rs2241766 susceptibility loci were proposed to be examined in future studies.

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APA Style
Yucebas, S.C. (2023). Optimized decision tree and black box learners for revealing genetic causes of bladder cancer. Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, 37(1), 49-71. https://doi.org/10.32604/iasc.2023.036871
Vancouver Style
Yucebas SC. Optimized decision tree and black box learners for revealing genetic causes of bladder cancer. Intell Automat Soft Comput . 2023;37(1):49-71 https://doi.org/10.32604/iasc.2023.036871
IEEE Style
S.C. Yucebas, “Optimized Decision Tree and Black Box Learners for Revealing Genetic Causes of Bladder Cancer,” Intell. Automat. Soft Comput. , vol. 37, no. 1, pp. 49-71, 2023. https://doi.org/10.32604/iasc.2023.036871



cc Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Tech Science Press.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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