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ARTICLE

Effect of Photosensitiser Chlorin E6 on Cancerous Bone Tumor Cells Using Photodynamic Therapy

Frank Traub1,#, Muhammad A. Panezai1,#, Michaela Moisch1, Julia Melke1, Leonard Schöbel1, Tilmann Busse1, Fei Xing2, Jiachen Sun2, Ulrike Ritz1,*
1 Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Biomatics Group, Institute for Immunology and Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Langenbeckstr. 1, Mainz, 55131, Germany
2 Department of Pediatric Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
* Corresponding Author: Ulrike Ritz. Email: email
# These authors contributed equally to this work

Oncology Research https://doi.org/10.32604/or.2025.071919

Received 15 August 2025; Accepted 27 October 2025; Published online 14 January 2026

Abstract

Objectives: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a minimally invasive method used in the treatment of various cancers and skin diseases, but it is not widely used in bone cancer, where the current therapy is often not effective and accompanied by side effects. Alternative and more effective therapies like PDT are needed. In this in-vitro study, the effect of the photosensitizer (PS) chlorin e6 (Ce6) on cancerous bone tumor cells using PDT was examined. Methods: A total of 27 tissue specimens from patients with primary bone cancers or bone metastases of different origins were genetically characterized and treated with PDT. Following a 24-h incubation, cell viability was determined, and the effect of PDT on cell migration was analyzed over 48 h. Results: We could demonstrate that the effect on proliferation of PDT in combination with the PS Ce6 was best in cells isolated from primary osteosarcoma and in bone metastases from mammary carcinomas. Besides proliferation, PDT was also effective in inhibiting the migration of these cells. A statistically significant correlation between the PDT effect and CD164 gene expression was detected, indicating that a high expression of this gene could result in a higher effectiveness of the photodynamic treatment. Conclusion: This study analyzes for the first time the effect of PDT in bone cancers and metastases and shows the potential of treating these cancer types with Ce6 PDT.

Keywords

Photodynamic therapy; photosensitizer; Chlorin e6; bone cancer; bone metastasis; Cluster of Differentiation 164

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