Yechun Xin¹, Xinxin Cheng¹, Yanxu Wang^1,*, Weiru Wang¹, Jiexiang Han², Zhen Niu³

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.079043 - 27 April 2026

Abstract Addressing voltage violations and renewable energy absorption bottlenecks arising from high-penetration photovoltaic (PV) integration, this paper proposes a hierarchical optimisation architecture for a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) based on microgrid-distribution network coordination to enhance collaborative regulation of energy storage across multiple microgrids. The methodology comprises a PV hosting capacity assessment model and an HESS operation model that accounts for power supply reliability, forming a two-layer planning framework that integrates distributed decision-making with centralized coordination. At the microgrid level, HESS capacity is determined to minimise the local comprehensive cost, while the allocation ratio between lithium-based More >

Zhukui Tan¹, Xiaoyong Cao^2,*, Qihui Feng¹, Dong Liu², Xiayu Chen³, Fei Chen²

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078440 - 27 April 2026

Abstract The rapid integration of photovoltaic (PV) generation and energy storage systems has significantly increased the operational complexity of low-voltage direct current (LVDC) distribution networks in zero-carbon parks. Under highly variable operating conditions, conventional DC protection schemes relying on fixed overcurrent thresholds often suffer from maloperation or failure to trip, particularly during fluctuations in PV power, load switching, and changes in network topology. To address these challenges, this paper proposes an adaptive DC protection strategy based on an artificial neural network (ANN)-driven dynamic threshold optimization mechanism. The proposed method replaces static protection settings with an adaptive… More > Graphic Abstract

Pujin Wang^1,2,3, Guofa Ji^1,2,3,*, Wenwei Zhao^1,2,3, Liangping Yi⁴

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.078171 - 27 April 2026

Abstract In multi-cluster horizontal well fracturing, non-uniform propagation due to inter-cluster interference severely limits the effectiveness of reservoir stimulation. This study employs the discrete lattice method for numerical simulation, investigating the influence of cluster spacing, fracturing fluid injection rate, and horizontal stress difference on fracture propagation morphology by monitoring, in real time, the dynamic changes in flow pressure, flow rate, and fluid intake volume for each cluster. The results indicate that the stress shadow effect is the fundamental cause of non-uniform fracture propagation. Cluster spacing is a key parameter controlling the maximum flow pressure difference between… More >

Vilim Cvenk¹, Filip Maletić¹, Simon Erker², Danijel Pavković^3,*, Mihael Cipek³

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077842 - 27 April 2026

Abstract All-solid-state lithium-based batteries represent a critical evolution in energy storage, offering enhanced safety, higher energy density, and superior fast-charging capabilities. However, the integration of solid-state electrolytes introduces complex mechanical interactions at the electrode-electrolyte interface that significantly impact performance and longevity. This study introduces a cyclic plastic hardening model for ceramic electrolytes, moving beyond traditional brittle or linear-elastic assumptions. It presents a Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis of a positive electrode representative volume element (RVE), consisting of spherical Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt (NMC811) active material particles embedded in an Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ (LLZO) solid-state electrolyte matrix, with Gaussian-distribution of particle sizes aimed… More > Graphic Abstract

Aimable Ngendahayo^1,*, Adrià Junyent-Ferré², Joan Marc Rodriguez Bernuz³

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077594 - 27 April 2026

Abstract Bugesera, a historically drought-prone region in Rwanda, is undergoing transformation through investment in modern irrigation and sustainable agricultural practices. However, extending the national electrical grid to numerous dispersed smallholder farms poses a major challenge. The persistent water scarcity and rising conventional energy costs necessitate the development of innovative and sustainable solutions. This study investigates the use of photovoltaic (PV) pumping systems as a green energy alternative for off-grid rural areas, supporting both agricultural irrigation and domestic water supply. A model system serving five one-hectare market-gardening plots and 25 inhabitants was analyzed, with a total daily… More >

Fukang Zhang, Yang Wang^*, Runtian Tang, Zhixin Yun

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.077390 - 27 April 2026

Abstract The large-scale integration of electric vehicle (EV) and exchange stations (EC) into distribution networks introduces strong spatiotemporal load fluctuations and charging capacity constraints, leading to frequent voltage violations and reduced control flexibility. Traditional centralized control approaches face critical limitations, including high communication latency and computational complexity. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a Hybrid Intelligence (HI)-driven framework for distribution networks, which explicitly considers EV/EC charging power limits, cluster-level resource balance, and voltage security constraints. By incorporating spatiotemporal characteristics with intelligent optimization techniques, a Variant Monte Carlo Sampling (VMCS) algorithm is developed to generate the… More >

Serhiy Serbin^1,*, Bohdan Lychko², Kateryna Burunsuz¹

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076966 - 27 April 2026

Abstract This study investigates the use of ammonia as a carbon-free fuel for gas turbines in decarbonized hybrid energy systems. The objective is to predict the emission characteristics of a gas turbine combustion chamber operating on gaseous ammonia by employing detailed combustion kinetics. The chamber is modeled as a network of chemical reactors to simulate the primary reaction zone and the secondary air-mixing zone. The model is based on solving mass and energy conservation equations for chemically reacting flows. Four high-temperature ammonia oxidation mechanisms, comprising 71 to 286 chemical reactions, were used as kinetic schemes. New More >

Asma Nousheen¹, Silvia Peruccacci², Cosimo Magazzino^3,4,5,*

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076916 - 27 April 2026

Abstract Green growth has revolutionized society by reducing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions, intensifying energy efficiency, and promoting environmentally friendly technologies and energy utilization, eventually leading to sustainable economic development. However, research on the intricate relationship between green growth and CO₂ emissions is limited. This study aims to evaluate the impact of green growth, Information and Communication Technology (ICT), renewable energy, and population on environmental sustainability for a panel of 20 OECD countries from 2000 to 2023. Cointegration regression methods (Fully Modified Ordinary Least Squares, Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares, and Pooled Mean Group-AutoRegressive Distributed Lags) and pairwise panel More > Graphic Abstract

Saddam Husain Dhobi^1,2,*, Kishori Yadav², Suresh Prasad Gupta^2,*, Jeevan Jyoti Nakarmi¹, Ajay Kumar Jha³

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076691 - 27 April 2026

Abstract Increasing requirements on clean, efficient, and sustainable energy technologies have raised interest in hydrogen fuel cells, particularly proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), which are operationally characterized by high efficiency with zero emissions. The objective of this work is to study the scattering behaviors of particles participating in scattering under various conditions (energy, efficiency, temperature, cell voltage) at/around the electrode of PEMFC theoretically. For this, we developed a model using a scattering matrix, the Kroll-Watson approximation, the thermal wave function of an electron in a laser field, interaction potential, and Bessel functions to study the… More > Graphic Abstract

Rajanand Patnaik Narasipuram^1,*, Md M. Pasha², Suresh Badugu³, Saleha Tabassum⁴, Attuluri R.Vijay Babu⁵, Bharath Kumar N⁵, Amit Singh Tandon⁶

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2026.076542 - 27 April 2026

Abstract Supercapacitors are increasingly deployed as high power buffers in modern energy systems, yet their broader impact is constrained by limited energy density, fragmented testing practices, and incomplete understanding of lifecycle implications. This article presents a critical, method driven review based on a structured literature survey and explicit inclusion criteria, aggregating quantitative performance data for major electrode families (carbon materials, transition metal oxides, conducting polymers, biomass derived carbons, MXenes, and hybrid composites), electrolytes (aqueous, organic, ionic liquid, and gel/solid state), and device architectures (flexible, micro, solid state, lithium ion capacitors, and structural supercapacitors) under harmonized metrics… More > Graphic Abstract