Open Access

ARTICLE

PEMFC Performance Degradation Prediction Based on CNN-BiLSTM with Data Augmentation by an Improved GAN

Xiaolu Wang^1,2, Haoyu Sun¹, Aiguo Wang¹, Xin Xia^3,*

1 Information Construction Center, Suqian University, Suqian, 223800, China
2 BLUE.x.y Intelligent Technology Co., Ltd., Suqian, 223800, China
3 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Suqian University, Suqian, 223800, China

* Corresponding Author: Xin Xia. Email:

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Revolution in Energy Systems: Hydrogen and Beyond)

Energy Engineering 2026, 123(2), 18 https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2025.073991

Received 29 September 2025; Accepted 27 November 2025; Issue published 27 January 2026

Abstract

To address the issues of insufficient and imbalanced data samples in proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) performance degradation prediction, this study proposes a data augmentation-based model to predict PEMFC performance degradation. Firstly, an improved generative adversarial network (IGAN) with adaptive gradient penalty coefficient is proposed to address the problems of excessively fast gradient descent and insufficient diversity of generated samples. Then, the IGAN is used to generate data with a distribution analogous to real data, thereby mitigating the insufficiency and imbalance of original PEMFC samples and providing the prediction model with training data rich in feature information. Finally, a convolutional neural network-bidirectional long short-term memory (CNN-BiLSTM) model is adopted to predict PEMFC performance degradation. Experimental results show that the data generated by the proposed IGAN exhibits higher quality than that generated by the original GAN, and can fully characterize and enrich the original data’s features. Using the augmented data, the prediction accuracy of the CNN-BiLSTM model is significantly improved, rendering it applicable to tasks of predicting PEMFC performance degradation.

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Keywords

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