Tri Susanti^1,2, Syahnur Haqiqoh¹, Pratiwi Pudjiastuti^2,*, Siti Wafiroh^2,*, Esti Hendradi³, Oktavia Eka Puspita⁴, Nashriq Jailani⁵

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.13, No.9, pp. 1841-1857, 2025, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2025.02024-0084 - 22 September 2025

Abstract This study aims to enhance the mechanical properties, disintegration, and dissolution rates of cross-linked carrageenan (CRG) capsule shells by shortening the long chains of CRG through a hydrolysis reaction with citric acid (CA). The hydrolysis of CRG was carried out using varying concentrations of CA, resulting in hydrolyzed CRG (HCRG). This was followed by cross-linking with xanthan gum (XG) and the addition of sorbitol (SOR) as a plasticizer. The results indicated that the optimal swelling capacity of HCRG-XG/SOR hard-shell capsules occurred at a CA concentration of 0.5%, achieving a maximum swelling rate of 445.39% after… More >

Yatim Lailun Ni’mah^*, Suprapto Suprapto, Harmami, Ita Ulfin, Puput Asmaul Fauziyah

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.9, pp. 2365-2376, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.020001 - 30 May 2022

Abstract Capsule shells have been successfully fabricated from water-soluble chitosan (WSC) with the addition of alginate and Gembili starch. WSC was synthesized from crab shell chitosan by depolymerization reaction. The capsule shells were made with the composition of WSC: Alginate, 2:1, 3:1 and 4:1 (w/w) with and without the addition of Gembili starch. Gembili starch was added with a ratio of Alginate: Starch, 1:1 (w/w). The capsule shell properties were evaluated according to Indonesian Pharmacopoeia standard. The solubility test showed that the capsule shells were comply with the standard. The highest degrees of swelling in water More > Graphic Abstract

Malinda Syifa Yusharani, Stenley, Harmami, Ita Ulfin, Suprapto Suprapto, Yatim Lailun Ni’mah*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.7, No.7, pp. 643-653, 2019, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2019.04185

Abstract Water-Soluble Chitosan (WSC) has been sucessfuly synthesized from squid pens waste. The synthesis of chitosan from chitin was carried out by optimization of deacetylation temperature and time. Chitin was obtained from squid pens waste by demineralization and deproteinization process. HCl 7% was used for demineralization and NaOH 10% at 60°C was applied for deproteinization process. Deacetylation reaction was carried out at varied temperatures i.e., 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C and 100°C in NaOH 50% solution for 10 hours. Deacetylation reaction time were varied for 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, and 10 hours. The… More >