Jin Lin^1,*, Bin Yu², Chao Chen¹, Jiezhen Cai¹, Yifan Wu², Cunping Wang³

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.069310 - 27 December 2025

Abstract With the increasing integration of renewable energy, microgrids are increasingly facing stability challenges, primarily due to the lack of inherent inertia in inverter-dominated systems, which is traditionally provided by synchronous generators. To address this critical issue, Virtual Synchronous Generator (VSG) technology has emerged as a highly promising solution by emulating the inertia and damping characteristics of conventional synchronous generators. To enhance the operational efficiency of virtual synchronous generators (VSGs), this study employs small-signal modeling analysis, root locus methods, and synchronous generator power-angle characteristic analysis to comprehensively evaluate how virtual inertia and damping coefficients affect frequency… More > Graphic Abstract

Kai Shi, Dongyang Yang^*

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.2, pp. 471-492, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.059651 - 31 January 2025

Abstract The rapid development of new energy power generation technology and the transformation of power electronics in the core equipment of source-grid-load drives the power system towards the “double-high” development pattern of “high proportion of renewable energy” and “high proportion of power electronic equipment”. To enhance the transient performance of AC/DC hybrid microgrid (HMG) in the context of “double-high,” a type virtual synchronous generator (-VSG) control strategy is applied to bidirectional interface converter (BIC) to address the issues of lacking inertia and poor disturbance immunity caused by the high penetration rate of power electronic equipment and… More >

Dianlang Wang¹, Qi Yin¹, Haifeng Wang¹, Jing Chen¹, Hong Miao², Yihan Chen^2,*

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.2, pp. 651-666, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.057670 - 31 January 2025

Abstract As the penetration rate of distributed energy increases, the transient power angle stability problem of the virtual synchronous generator (VSG) has gradually become prominent. In view of the situation that the grid impedance ratio (R/X) is high and affects the transient power angle stability of VSG, this paper proposes a VSG transient power angle stability control strategy based on the combination of frequency difference feedback and virtual impedance. To improve the transient power angle stability of the VSG, a virtual impedance is adopted in the voltage loop to adjust the impedance ratio R/X; and the… More >

Xin Mao^*, Hongsheng Su, Jingxiu Li

Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.12, pp. 3929-3951, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.057106 - 22 November 2024

Abstract The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) technology has been proposed to address the problem of system frequency and active power oscillation caused by grid-connected new energy power sources. However, the traditional voltage-current double-closed-loop control used in VSG has the disadvantages of poor disturbance immunity and insufficient dynamic response. In light of the issues above, a virtual synchronous generator voltage outer-loop control strategy based on improved linear autonomous disturbance rejection control (ILADRC) is put forth for consideration. Firstly, an improved first-order linear self-immunity control structure is established for the characteristics of the voltage outer loop; then, the… More >

Lei Zhang¹, Rongliang Shi^1,2,*, Junhui Li², Yannan Yu¹, Yu Zhang¹

Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.11, pp. 3181-3197, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2024.054485 - 21 October 2024

Abstract The grid-forming virtual synchronous generator (GFVSG) not only employs a first-order low-pass filter for virtual inertia control but also introduces grid-connected active power (GCAP) dynamic oscillation issues, akin to those observed in traditional synchronous generators. In response to this, an improved strategy for lead-lag filter based GFVSG (LLF-GFVSG) is presented in this article. Firstly, the grid-connected circuit structure and control principle of typical GFVSG are described, and a closed-loop small-signal model for GCAP in GFVSG is established. The causes of GCAP dynamic oscillation of GFVSG under the disturbances of active power command as well as More >

Feng Zhao, Jinshuo Zhang^*, Xiaoqiang Chen, Ying Wang

Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.2, pp. 339-358, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2023.043082 - 25 January 2024

Abstract In the DC microgrid, the lack of inertia and damping in power electronic converters results in poor stability of DC bus voltage and low inertia of the DC microgrid during fluctuations in load and photovoltaic power. To address this issue, the application of a virtual synchronous generator (VSG) in grid-connected inverters control is referenced and proposes a control strategy called the analogous virtual synchronous generator (AVSG) control strategy for the interface DC/DC converter of the battery in the microgrid. Besides, a flexible parameter adaptive control method is introduced to further enhance the inertial behavior of… More >

Baogang Chen¹, Fenglin Miao^2,*, Jing Yang¹, Chen Qi², Wenyan Ji¹

Energy Engineering, Vol.121, No.2, pp. 541-555, 2024, DOI:10.32604/ee.2023.028327 - 25 January 2024

Abstract Energy storage systems (ESS) and permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) are speculated to be able to exhibit frequency regulation capabilities by adding differential and proportional control loops with different control objectives. The available PMSG kinetic energy and charging/discharging capacities of the ESS were restricted. To improve the inertia response and frequency control capability, we propose a short-term frequency support strategy for the ESS and PMSG. To this end, the weights were embedded in the control loops to adjust the participation of the differential and proportional controls based on the system frequency excursion. The effectiveness of More >

Chongyang Zhao, Wei Chai, Beibei Rui, Lin Chen^*

Energy Engineering, Vol.120, No.11, pp. 2683-2705, 2023, DOI:10.32604/ee.2023.029620 - 31 October 2023

Abstract At present, the direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator (DD-PMSG) grid connected system based on virtual synchronous generator (VSG) control will experience power oscillation at sub synchronous frequencies. The mechanism and characteristics of this new type of sub-synchronous interaction (SSI) are not yet clear, and the system cannot recover to steady state solely based on the characteristics of VSG itself. Especially when connected to a weak current network, oscillations are more pronounced, affecting the stability of the system. In severe cases, the system may trigger shutdown protection and be disconnected from the network. Existing research More >

Yuling He, Shuai Li, Chao Zhang^*, Xiaolong Wang

Structural Durability & Health Monitoring, Vol.17, No.2, pp. 115-130, 2023, DOI:10.32604/sdhm.2023.022317 - 09 May 2023

Abstract This paper proposed a new diagnosis model for the stator inter-turn short circuit fault in synchronous generators. Different from the past methods focused on the current or voltage signals to diagnose the electrical fault, the stator vibration signal analysis based on ACMD (adaptive chirp mode decomposition) and DEO3S (demodulation energy operator of symmetrical differencing) was adopted to extract the fault feature. Firstly, FT (Fourier transform) is applied to the vibration signal to obtain the instantaneous frequency, and PE (permutation entropy) is calculated to select the proper weighting coefficients. Then, the signal is decomposed by ACMD, More >

Yunfan Huang¹, Qingquan Lv², Zhenzhen Zhang², Haiying Dong^1,*

Energy Engineering, Vol.120, No.6, pp. 1401-1420, 2023, DOI:10.32604/ee.2023.027365 - 03 April 2023

Abstract The virtual synchronous generator (VSG) can simulate synchronous machine’s operation mechanism in the control link of an energy storage converter, so that an electrochemical energy storage power station has the ability to actively support the power grid, from passive regulation to active support. Since energy storage is an important physical basis for realizing the inertia and damping characteristics in VSG control, energy storage constraints of the physical characteristics on the system control parameters are analyzed to provide a basis for the system parameter tuning. In a classic VSG control, its virtual inertia and damping coefficient… More >