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  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Biochar Amendments in Soil: A Sustainable Approach for Mitigating Heavy Metal Stress in Plants

    Shahin Imran1,2,#,*, Mousumi Jahan Sumi3,#, Israt Jahan Harine4, Newton Chandra Paul1, Md. Asif Mahamud5, Rakibul Hasan Md. Rabbi5, Marian Brestic6, Mohammad Saidur Rhaman7,*

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.4, pp. 1073-1109, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.064046 - 30 April 2025

    Abstract Heavy metal (HM) accumulation in soil poses a major hazard to both ecological health and plant growth progressions. Cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) are examples of HMs that negatively impact the growth and development of plants, resulting in lower agricultural output and food safety concerns. Biochar (BC), a substance rich in carbon that is formed by pyrolyzing natural biomass, has demonstrated remarkable promise in reducing HM stress in polluted soils. Research has shown that BC effectively lowers plant uptake of metals, and enhances soil qualities,… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Function of Biochar: Alleviation of Heat Stress in Plants and Improvement of Soil Microbial Communities

    Arpita Rani Roy1, Israt Jahan2, Sharah Jabeen Mou2, Md. Farhan Hasin3, Prodipto Bishnu Angon1,*, Rebeka Sultana2, Badhon Mazumder4, Md. Arif Sakil5,*

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.4, pp. 1177-1210, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.063675 - 30 April 2025

    Abstract Global warming is making plants more susceptible to heat stress. Hence, adjustments to crop production systems are required for global food security. Heat stress (HS) poses a threat to the quality of ecosystems and global food security due to its adverse effects on plant development. The degree to which HS affects physiological disruptions, physical harm, and biochemical changes at various growth stages directly correlates with its effects on physiological functions, plant growth, and crop production. One promising approach is soil modification using biochar, which enhances soil health and promotes the development of microbial communities, ultimately… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Multi-Stage Vision Transformer and Knowledge Graph Fusion for Enhanced Plant Disease Classification

    Wafaa H. Alwan1,*, Sabah M. Alturfi2

    Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.49, pp. 419-434, 2025, DOI:10.32604/csse.2025.064195 - 30 April 2025

    Abstract Plant diseases pose a significant challenge to global agricultural productivity, necessitating efficient and precise diagnostic systems for early intervention and mitigation. In this study, we propose a novel hybrid framework that integrates EfficientNet-B8, Vision Transformer (ViT), and Knowledge Graph Fusion (KGF) to enhance plant disease classification across 38 distinct disease categories. The proposed framework leverages deep learning and semantic enrichment to improve classification accuracy and interpretability. EfficientNet-B8, a convolutional neural network (CNN) with optimized depth and width scaling, captures fine-grained spatial details in high-resolution plant images, aiding in the detection of subtle disease symptoms. In… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Nanoparticle Innovations for Mitigating Metal Toxicity in Plants

    Maryam1, Mohamed M. El-Mogy2, Muhammad Faheem Jan3, Iram Naz1, Ishtiaq Ahmad4,*, Riaz Ahmad5, Muhammad Tanveer Altaf6

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.3, pp. 623-640, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.063763 - 31 March 2025

    Abstract Various environmental stressors, such as salinity, heat, drought, and metals, present significant obstacles to crop productivity. This study delves into the adverse effects of metals, specifically focusing on cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), mercury (Hg), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), lead (Pb), and copper (Cu) on plants. It explores the sources of these metals, examining both natural occurrences and human-induced activities, and investigates the mechanisms through which plants absorb them. Metal pollution, in particular, negatively affects plant and microbiome well-being, producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) that harm essential macromolecules. Traditional stress-resistant plant varieties necessitate substantial development, leading… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Mango Disease Detection Using Fused Vision Transformer with ConvNeXt Architecture

    Faten S. Alamri1, Tariq Sadad2,*, Ahmed S. Almasoud3, Raja Atif Aurangzeb4, Amjad Khan3

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.83, No.1, pp. 1023-1039, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.061890 - 26 March 2025

    Abstract Mango farming significantly contributes to the economy, particularly in developing countries. However, mango trees are susceptible to various diseases caused by fungi, viruses, and bacteria, and diagnosing these diseases at an early stage is crucial to prevent their spread, which can lead to substantial losses. The development of deep learning models for detecting crop diseases is an active area of research in smart agriculture. This study focuses on mango plant diseases and employs the ConvNeXt and Vision Transformer (ViT) architectures. Two datasets were used. The first, MangoLeafBD, contains data for mango leaf diseases such as… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Biochar as a Climate-Smart Agricultural Practice: Reducing Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Promoting Sustainable Farming

    Muhammad Nazim1,2,*, Abdul Ghafoor3,*, Abida Hussain4, Mehwish Tabassum5, Aamir Nawaz6, Muhammad Ahmad7, Murad Muhammad1,2, Muqarrab Ali4

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.1, pp. 65-99, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.058970 - 24 January 2025

    Abstract In recent years, the world has faced rising global temperatures, accumulative pollution, and energy crises, stimulating scientists worldwide to strive for eco-friendly and cost-effective solutions. Biochar has materialized as a favorable tool for environmental remediation, indicating efficacy as an efficient sorbent substance for both inorganic and organic pollutants in environmental field. These unique properties exclude improved surface functionality, porous morphology, large specific surface area (SSA), cation exchange capacity (CEC), robust adsorption capabilities, environmental stability, and embedded micronutrients. Biochar exhibited potential characteristics for environmental oversight, greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction, and soil fertility improvement. This review… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Combining Ability and Heterotic Effects in Newly Developed Early Maturing and High-Yielding Maize Hybrids under Low and Recommended Nitrogen Conditions

    Mohamed M. Kamara1,*, Nora M. Al Aboud2, Hameed Alsamadany3, Abeer M. Kutby4, Imen Ben Abdelmalek5, Diaa Abd El-Moneim6, Motrih Al-Mutiry7

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.1, pp. 101-122, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.058033 - 24 January 2025

    Abstract Nitrogen (N) is a crucial nutrient vital for the growth and productivity of maize. However, excessive nitrogen application can result in numerous environmental and ecological problems, such as water pollution, biodiversity loss, and greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, breeding maize hybrids resilient to low nitrogen conditions is crucial for sustainable agriculture, especially under low nitrogen conditions. Consequently, this study aimed to evaluate the combining ability and heterosis of maize lines, recognize promising hybrids, and study gene action controlling key traits under low and recommended N stress conditions. The half-diallel mating design hybridized seven maize inbreds, resulting… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Collaborative Trajectory Planning for Stereoscopic Agricultural Multi-UAVs Driven by the Aquila Optimizer

    Xinyu Liu#, Longfei Wang#, Yuxin Ma, Peng Shao*

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.82, No.1, pp. 1349-1376, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.058294 - 03 January 2025

    Abstract Stereoscopic agriculture, as an advanced method of agricultural production, poses new challenges for multi-task trajectory planning of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). To address the need for UAVs to perform multi-task trajectory planning in stereoscopic agriculture, a multi-task trajectory planning model and algorithm (IEP-AO) that synthesizes flight safety and flight efficiency is proposed. Based on the requirements of stereoscopic agricultural geomorphological features and operational characteristics, the multi-task trajectory planning model is ensured by constructing targeted constraints at five aspects, including the path, slope, altitude, corner, energy and obstacle threat, to improve the effectiveness of the trajectory… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Effects of Nanofertilizers on the Mechanism of Photosynthetic Efficiency in Plants: A Review

    Xinyi Liu1,4, Muhammed Nadeem1, Yukui Rui1,2,3,4,*

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.93, No.12, pp. 3197-3216, 2024, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2024.059281 - 31 December 2024

    Abstract Compared with conventional fertilizers, nano fertilizer has many advantages such as controlled release, controlled or slow release of nutrients, high efficiency of nutrition use, cheap, and little polluting of the environment. The use of fertilizers with nanotechnology is a new field in agriculture, and it is a promising and cost-effective substitute for conventional fertilizers to improve the productivity of the world’s food supply. Photosynthesis is an essential biochemical reaction on Earth. Improving photosynthesis, the basic process for light’s transformation into chemical energy is one of the most important areas of research for improving agricultural output… More > Graphic Abstract

    Effects of Nanofertilizers on the Mechanism of Photosynthetic Efficiency in Plants: A Review

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Role of dsRNA-Based Insecticides in Agriculture: Current Scenario and Future Prospects

    Pratyush Kumar Das1, Satyabrata Nanda2,*

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.93, No.12, pp. 3217-3235, 2024, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2024.057956 - 31 December 2024

    Abstract Insect pests cause severe crop damage, resulting in substantial economic losses and threats to global food security. Conventional insecticides are low-cost chemical agents that kill the target insects and some non-specific beneficial organisms. Due to their toxic and non-biodegradable nature, these conventional insecticides persist in the environment, thus causing pollution and accumulating in the food chain. The development of novel insecticidal products based on double-stranded (dsRNA)-based RNA interference (RNAi) technology is a sustainable tool to effectively control insect pests. The dsRNA-based insecticides are known for their specificity, non-toxicity, and biodegradability. The current review introduces the… More >

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