Youngeun An, Jimin Lee, EunSang Bak^*, Sungbum Pan^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.76, No.2, pp. 1817-1832, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.039460

Abstract Emotion recognition based on facial expressions is one of the most critical elements of human-machine interfaces. Most conventional methods for emotion recognition using facial expressions use the entire facial image to extract features and then recognize specific emotions through a pre-trained model. In contrast, this paper proposes a novel feature vector extraction method using the Euclidean distance between the landmarks changing their positions according to facial expressions, especially around the eyes, eyebrows, nose, and mouth. Then, we apply a new classifier using an ensemble network to increase emotion recognition accuracy. The emotion recognition performance was compared with the conventional algorithms… More >

Dalel Ben Ismail¹, Hela Elmannai^2,*, Souham Meshoul², Mohamed Saber Naceur¹

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.35, No.2, pp. 2219-2236, 2023, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2023.028944

Abstract Imagery assessment is an efficient method for detecting craniofacial anomalies. A cephalometric landmark matching approach may help in orthodontic diagnosis, craniofacial growth assessment and treatment planning. Automatic landmark matching and anomalies detection helps face the manual labelling limitations and optimize preoperative planning of maxillofacial surgery. The aim of this study was to develop an accurate Cephalometric Landmark Matching method as well as an automatic system for anatomical anomalies classification. First, the Active Appearance Model (AAM) was used for the matching process. This process was achieved by the Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) algorithm enriched with proximity information. Then, the maxillofacial anomalies… More >

Zhenzhou Wang¹, Shao Cui¹, Xiang Wang^1,*, JiaFeng Tian²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.72, No.3, pp. 4709-4725, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.027767

Abstract To generate realistic three-dimensional animation of virtual character, capturing real facial expression is the primary task. Due to diverse facial expressions and complex background, facial landmarks recognized by existing strategies have the problem of deviations and low accuracy. Therefore, a method for facial expression capture based on two-stage neural network is proposed in this paper which takes advantage of improved multi-task cascaded convolutional networks (MTCNN) and high-resolution network. Firstly, the convolution operation of traditional MTCNN is improved. The face information in the input image is quickly filtered by feature fusion in the first stage and Octave Convolution instead of the… More >

Muhammad Jamil Hussain¹, Ahmad Shaoor¹, Suliman A. Alsuhibany², Yazeed Yasin Ghadi³, Tamara al Shloul⁴, Ahmad Jalal¹, Jeongmin Park^5,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.72, No.3, pp. 5327-5343, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.025953

Abstract In this research work, an efficient sign language recognition tool for e-learning has been proposed with a new type of feature set based on angle and lines. This feature set has the ability to increase the overall performance of machine learning algorithms in an efficient way. The hand gesture recognition based on these features has been implemented for usage in real-time. The feature set used hand landmarks, which were generated using media-pipe (MediaPipe) and open computer vision (openCV) on each frame of the incoming video. The overall algorithm has been tested on two well-known ASL-alphabet (American Sign Language) and ISL-HS… More >

Debajit Datta¹, Pramod Kumar Maurya¹, Kathiravan Srinivasan², Chuan-Yu Chang^3,*, Rishav Agarwal¹, Ishita Tuteja¹, V. Bhavyashri Vedula¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.68, No.2, pp. 2545-2561, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.015478

Abstract The pandemic situation in 2020 brought about a ‘digitized new normal’ and created various issues within the current education systems. One of the issues is the monitoring of students during online examination situations. A system to determine the student’s eye gazes during an examination can help to eradicate malpractices. In this work, we track the users’ eye gazes by incorporating twelve facial landmarks around both eyes in conjunction with computer vision and the HAAR classifier. We aim to implement eye gaze detection by considering facial landmarks with two different Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) models, namely the AlexNet model and the… More >

Fan Zhang^1,2, Fenlin Liu^1,2,*, Rui Xu^3,4, Xiangyang Luo^1,2, Shichang Ding⁵, Hechan Tian^1,2

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.66, No.3, pp. 3345-3361, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.014526

Abstract Existing IP geolocation algorithms based on delay similarity often rely on the principle that geographically adjacent IPs have similar delays. However, this principle is often invalid in real Internet environment, which leads to unreliable geolocation results. To improve the accuracy and reliability of locating IP in real Internet, a street-level IP geolocation algorithm based on landmarks clustering is proposed. Firstly, we use the probes to measure the known landmarks to obtain their delay vectors, and cluster landmarks using them. Secondly, the landmarks are clustered again by their latitude and longitude, and the intersection of these two clustering results is taken… More >

Ruixiang Li^1,2, Yingying Liu³, Yaqiong Qiao^1,2, Te Ma^1,2, Bo Wang⁴, Xiangyang Luo^1,2,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.59, No.2, pp. 591-606, 2019, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2019.05208

Abstract High-density street-level reliable landmarks are one of the important foundations for street-level geolocation. However, the existing methods cannot obtain enough street-level landmarks in a short period of time. In this paper, a street-level landmarks acquisition method based on SVM (Support Vector Machine) classifiers is proposed. Firstly, the port detection results of IPs with known services are vectorized, and the vectorization results are used as an input of the SVM training. Then, the kernel function and penalty factor are adjusted for SVM classifiers training, and the optimal SVM classifiers are obtained. After that, the classifier sequence is constructed, and the IPs… More >