Seo Yeon Moon¹, Byung Hyun Jo¹, Abir El Azzaoui¹, Sushil Kumar Singh², Jong Hyuk Park^1,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.1, pp. 25-55, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.062966 - 09 June 2025

Abstract With the rapid advancement of ICT and IoT technologies, the integration of Edge and Fog Computing has become essential to meet the increasing demands for real-time data processing and network efficiency. However, these technologies face critical security challenges, exacerbated by the emergence of quantum computing, which threatens traditional encryption methods. The rise in cyber-attacks targeting IoT and Edge/Fog networks underscores the need for robust, quantum-resistant security solutions. To address these challenges, researchers are focusing on Quantum Key Distribution and Post-Quantum Cryptography, which utilize quantum-resistant algorithms and the principles of quantum mechanics to ensure data confidentiality More >

L. Arulmozhiselvan^*, E. Uma

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.43, No.1, pp. 45-57, 2022, DOI:10.32604/csse.2022.022024 - 23 March 2022

Abstract Cloud computing is a rapid growing technology which delivers computing services such as servers, storage, database, networking, software and analytics. It has brought a new way to securely store and share information and data with multiple users. When authorized person access these clouds, the released data should not compromise any individual’s privacy and identity should not be revealed. Fog Computing is the extension of cloud with decentralized structure which stores the data in locations somewhere between the data source and cloud. The goal of fog computing is to provide high security, improve performance and network More >

Abdullah Musaed Alkhiari¹, Shailendra Mishra^2,*, Mohammed AlShehri¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.70, No.2, pp. 2149-2169, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.019562 - 27 September 2021

Abstract Smart Grid is a power grid that improves flexibility, reliability, and efficiency through smart meters. Due to extensive data exchange over the Internet, the smart grid faces many security challenges that have led to data loss, data compromise, and high power consumption. Moreover, the lack of hardware protection and physical attacks reduce the overall performance of the smart grid network. We proposed the BLIDSE model (Blockchain-based secure quantum key distribution and Intrusion Detection System in Edge Enables Smart Grid Network) to address these issues. The proposed model includes five phases: The first phase is blockchain-based… More >

S. Jerald Nirmal Kumar^1,*, S. Ravimaran², M. M. Gowthul Alam³

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.125, No.2, pp. 671-697, 2020, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2020.09361 - 12 October 2020

Abstract Nowadays, succeeding safe communication and protection-sensitive data from unauthorized access above public networks are the main worries in cloud servers. Hence, to secure both data and keys ensuring secured data storage and access, our proposed work designs a Novel Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) relying upon a non-commutative encryption framework. It makes use of a Novel Quantum Key Distribution approach, which guarantees high level secured data transmission. Along with this, a shared secret is generated using Diffie Hellman (DH) to certify secured key generation at reduced time complexity. Moreover, a non-commutative approach is used, which effectively More >

Yan Chang^{1, *}, Shibin Zhang¹, Lili Yan¹, Xueyang Li¹, Tian Cao¹, Qirun Wang²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.65, No.1, pp. 879-896, 2020, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.010042 - 23 July 2020

Abstract The secure key rate of quantum key distribution (QKD) is greatly reduced because of the untrusted devices. In this paper, to raise the secure key rate of QKD, a device-independent quantum key distribution (DIQKD) protocol is proposed based on hyper-entangled states and Bell inequalities. The security of the protocol is analyzed against the individual attack by an adversary only limited by the no-signaling condition. Based on the formalization of Clauser-Horne Shimony-Holt (CHSH) violation measurement on local correlation, the probability of a secure secret bit is obtained, which is produced by a pair of hyper-entangled particles. More >

Meng Wang¹, Hong Lai^{1, *}, Lei Pan²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.63, No.1, pp. 369-387, 2020, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.07342 - 30 March 2020

Abstract On the one hand, existing measurement device independent quantum key distribution (MDI-QKD) protocols have usually adopted single photon source (SPS) and weak coherent photon (WCP), however, these protocols have suffered from multi-photon problem brought from photon splitter number attacks. On the other hand, the orbital angular momentum (OAM)-MDI-QKD protocol does not need to compare and adjust the reference frame, solving the dependency of the base in the MDI-QKD protocol. Given that, we propose the OAM-MDI-QKD protocol based on the parametric light sources which mainly include single-photon-added-coherent (SPACS) and heralded single-photon sources (HSPS). Due to the More >

Hao Xiao^1,*, Jun Zhang², Wenhua Huang³, Mi Zhou⁴, Wencheng Hu⁵

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.61, No.2, pp. 759-775, 2019, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2019.06085

Abstract Combined with the dense coding mechanism and the bias-BB84 protocol, an efficient quantum key distribution protocol with dense coding on single photons (QDKD-SP) is proposed. Compared with the BB84 or bias-BB84 protocols based on single photons, our QDKD-SP protocol has a higher capacity without increasing the difficulty of its experiment implementation as each correlated photon can carry two bits of useful information. Compared with the quantum dense key distribution (QDKD) protocol based on entangled states, our protocol is more feasible as the preparation and the measurement of a single-photon quantum state is not difficult with More >