SeaYoung Park¹, Jong-Yong Lee², Daesung Lee^3,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.3, pp. 4019-4037, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.014353 - 01 March 2021

Abstract Replacing or recharging batteries in the sensor nodes of a wireless sensor network (WSN) is a significant challenge. Therefore, efficient power utilization by sensors is a critical requirement, and it is closely related to the life span of the network. Once a sensor node consumes all its energy, it will no longer function properly. Therefore, various protocols have been proposed to minimize the energy consumption of sensors and thus prolong the network operation. Recently, clustering algorithms combined with artificial intelligence have been proposed for this purpose. In particular, various protocols employ the K-means clustering algorithm,… More >

Ishtiaq Wahid¹, Fasee Ullah^2,*, Masood Ahmad¹, Atif Khan³, M. Irfan Uddin⁴, Abdullah Alharbi⁵, Wael Alosaimi⁵

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.3, pp. 3949-3965, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.014190 - 01 March 2021

Abstract In vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs), the topology information (TI) is updated frequently due to vehicle mobility. These frequent changes in topology increase the topology maintenance overhead. To reduce the control message overhead, cluster-based routing schemes are proposed. In cluster-based routing schemes, the nodes are divided into different virtual groups, and each group (logical node) is considered a cluster. The topology changes are accommodated within each cluster, and broadcasting TI to the whole VANET is not required. The cluster head (CH) is responsible for managing the communication of a node with other nodes outside the… More >

Hima Bindu Valiveti^1,*, SNV Ganesh², Budati Anil Kumar¹, Dileep Kumar Yadav³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.2, pp. 2049-2059, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.014690 - 05 February 2021

Abstract A major problem in networking has always been energy consumption. Battery life is one parameter which could help improve Energy Efficiency. Existing research on wireless networking stresses on reducing signaling messages or time required for data transfer for addressing energy consumption issues. Routing or Forwarding packets in a network between the network elements like routers, switches, wireless access points, etc., is complex in conventional networks. With the advent of Software Defined Networking (SDN) for 5G network architectures, the distributed networking has embarked onto centralized networking, wherein the SDN Controller is responsible for decision making. The… More >

Shahzad Hameed¹, Qurratul-Ain Minhas¹, Sheeraz Ahmed², Shabana Habib⁴, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan³, Muhammad Islam⁵, Sheroz Khan^5,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.2, pp. 2527-2546, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.013896 - 05 February 2021

Abstract Flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) present a challenging environment due to the dynamic and highly mobile nature of the network. Dynamic network topology and uncertain node mobility structure of FANETs do not aim to consider only one path transmission. Several different techniques are adopted to address the issues arising in FANETs, from game theory to clustering to channel estimation and other statistical schemes. These approaches mostly employ traditional concepts for problem solutions. One of the novel approaches that provide simpler solutions to more complex problems is to use biologically inspired schemes. Several Nature-inspired schemes address… More >

S. Praveen Kumar^1,*, S. Appavu alias Balamurugan², S. Kannan³

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.27, No.2, pp. 333-346, 2021, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2021.013310 - 18 January 2021

Abstract The establishment of multi-channel routing systems in WSNs has shown the reliability of the transmission across several channels. Meeting the service quality needs of all the applications is still a challenging task. Various surveys carried out, have suggested for the development of user-oriented Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) architectures. Throughout WSNs, the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and the Adhoc On Demand Vector (AODV) are the multi-way routing systems that exhibit the reliability of the multipath delivery to fulfill the customer service quality requirements. The topology is modified only on requests, by selecting the best route… More >

Durr-e-Nayab^1,*, Mohammad Haseeb Zafar^1,2, Mohammed Basheri²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.1, pp. 1137-1152, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.014687 - 12 January 2021

Abstract Routing protocols in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) operate with Expanding Ring Search (ERS) mechanism to avoid flooding in the network while tracing step. ERS mechanism searches the network with discerning Time to Live (TTL) values described by respective routing protocol that save both energy and time. This work exploits the relation between the TTL value of a packet, traffic on a node and ERS mechanism for routing in MANETs and achieves an Adaptive ERS based Per Hop Behavior (AERSPHB) rendition of requests handling. Each search request is classified based on ERS attributes and then… More >

Masood Ahmad¹, Fasee Ullah^2,*, Ishtiaq Wahid¹, Atif Khan³, M. Irfan Uddin⁴, Abdullah Alharbi⁵, Wael Alosaimi⁵

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.1, pp. 321-336, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.014102 - 12 January 2021

Abstract Internet of Everything (IoE) indicates a fantastic vision of the future, where everything is connected to the internet, providing intelligent services and facilitating decision making. IoE is the collection of static and moving objects able to coordinate and communicate with each other. The moving objects may consist of ground segments and flying segments. The speed of flying segment e.g., Unmanned Ariel Vehicles (UAVs) may high as compared to ground segment objects. The topology changes occur very frequently due to high speed nature of objects in UAV-enabled IoE (Ue-IoE). The routing maintenance overhead may increase when… More >

Fahd Alhaidari¹, Sultan H. Almotiri², Mohammed A.Al Ghamdi², Muhammad Adnan Khan^3,*, Abdur Rehman⁴, Sagheer Abbas⁴, Khalid Masood Khan³, Atta-ur-Rahman⁵

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.1, pp. 1269-1285, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.013303 - 12 January 2021

Abstract In recent years, the infrastructure, instruments, and resources of network systems are becoming more complex and heterogeneous, with the rapid development of current internet and mobile communication technologies. In order to efficaciously prepare, control, hold and optimize networking systems, greater intelligence needs to be deployed. However, due to the inherently dispensed characteristic of conventional networks, Machine Learning (ML) techniques are hard to implement and deployed to govern and operate networks. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) brings us new possibilities to offer intelligence in the networks. SDN’s characteristics (e.g., logically centralized control, global network view, software-based site visitor… More >

Zonglin Fu¹, Pei Hu¹, Wei Li², Jeng-Shyang Pan^1,*, Shuchuan Chu¹

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.27, No.1, pp. 233-247, 2021, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2021.014192 - 07 January 2021

Abstract The Equilibrium Optimizer (EO) algorithm is a novel meta-heuristic algorithm based on the strength of physics. To achieve better global search capability, a Parallel Equilibrium Optimizer algorithm, named PEO, is proposed in this paper. PEO is inspired by the idea of parallelism and adopts two different communication strategies between groups to improve EO. The first strategy is used to speed up the convergence rate and the second strategy promotes the algorithm to search for a better solution. These two kinds of communication strategies are used in the early and later iterations of PEO respectively. To More >

Khairol Amali bin Ahmad¹, Mohammad Nazmul Hasan², Md. Sharif Hossen^2,*, Khaleel Ahmad³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.66, No.3, pp. 3075-3087, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.014436 - 28 December 2020

Abstract Pocket Switched Networks (PSN) represent a particular remittent network for direct communication between the handheld mobile devices. Compared to traditional networks, there is no stable topology structure for PSN where the nodes observe the mobility model of human society. It is a kind of Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) that gives a description to circulate information among the network nodes by the way of taking the benefit of transferring nodes from one area to another. Considering its inception, there are several schemes for message routing in the infrastructure-less environment in which human mobility is only the… More >