Pravinkumar Bhujangrao Landge¹, Yashpal Singh¹, Hitesh Mohapatra², Seyyed Ahmad Edalatpanah^3,*

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.143, No.2, pp. 1661-1688, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.065599 - 30 May 2025

Abstract Internet of things networks often suffer from early node failures and short lifespan due to energy limits. Traditional routing methods are not enough. This work proposes a new hybrid algorithm called ACOGA. It combines Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and the Greedy Algorithm (GA). ACO finds smart paths while Greedy makes quick decisions. This improves energy use and performance. ACOGA outperforms Hybrid Energy-Efficient (HEE) and Adaptive Lossless Data Compression (ALDC) algorithms. After 500 rounds, only 5% of ACOGA’s nodes are dead, compared to 15% for HEE and 20% for ALDC. The network using ACOGA runs for More >

Mehran Tarif¹, Mohammadhossein Homaei^2,*, Amir Mosavi^3,4,5

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.83, No.2, pp. 1791-1820, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.063962 - 16 April 2025

Abstract Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are gaining popularity because of their potential uses in oceanography, seismic activity monitoring, environmental preservation, and underwater mapping. Yet, these networks are faced with challenges such as self-interference, long propagation delays, limited bandwidth, and changing network topologies. These challenges are coped with by designing advanced routing protocols. In this work, we present Under Water Fuzzy-Routing Protocol for Low power and Lossy networks (UWF-RPL), an enhanced fuzzy-based protocol that improves decision-making during path selection and traffic distribution over different network nodes. Our method extends RPL with the aid of fuzzy logic More >

Medhat A. Tawfeek^1,*, Ibrahim Alrashdi¹, Madallah Alruwaili², Fatma M. Talaat^3,4

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.83, No.2, pp. 2773-2792, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.061773 - 16 April 2025

Abstract Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are one of the best technologies of the 21st century and have seen tremendous growth over the past decade. Much work has been put into its development in various aspects such as architectural attention, routing protocols, location exploration, time exploration, etc. This research aims to optimize routing protocols and address the challenges arising from conflicting objectives in WSN environments, such as balancing energy consumption, ensuring routing reliability, distributing network load, and selecting the shortest path. Many optimization techniques have shown success in achieving one or two objectives but struggle to achieve… More >

Baoping Zou^1,2, Jiahao Yin^1,2, Chunhui Cao^1,2,*, Xu Long^3,*

Journal of Polymer Materials, Vol.42, No.1, pp. 255-275, 2025, DOI:10.32604/jpm.2025.062081 - 27 March 2025

Abstract The ongoing operation of subway systems makes existing tunnels vulnerable to deformations and structural damage caused by adjacent foundation pit construction. Such deformations-manifesting as horizontal displacement, heightened lateral convergence, and internal force redistribution-may significantly compromise subway operational safety. Grouting remediation has become a widely adopted solution for tunnel deformation control and structural reinforcement. Developing optimized grouting materials is crucial for improving remediation effectiveness, ensuring structural integrity, and maintaining uninterrupted subway operations. This investigation explores the substitution of fine mortar aggregates with 0.1 mm discarded rubber particles at varying concentrations (0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, and More >

Qiong Yang¹, Li Ma^1,2,*, Sami Ullah³, Shanshan Tu¹, Hisham Alasmary⁴, Muhammad Waqas^5,6

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.82, No.3, pp. 4821-4839, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.059497 - 06 March 2025

Abstract Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), as the standard inter-domain routing protocol, is a distance-vector dynamic routing protocol used for exchanging routing information between distributed Autonomous Systems (AS). BGP nodes, communicating in a distributed dynamic environment, face several security challenges, with trust being one of the most important issues in inter-domain routing. Existing research, which performs trust evaluation when exchanging routing information to suppress malicious routing behavior, cannot meet the scalability requirements of BGP nodes. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based trust model for inter-domain routing. Our model achieves scalability by allowing the master node of… More >

Mariam A. Alotaibi^1,2,*, Sami S. Alwakeel^1,*, Aasem N. Alyahya¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.82, No.2, pp. 3467-3497, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.060599 - 17 February 2025

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) integrates diverse devices into the Internet infrastructure, including sensors, meters, and wearable devices. Designing efficient IoT networks with these heterogeneous devices requires the selection of appropriate routing protocols, which is crucial for maintaining high Quality of Service (QoS). The Internet Engineering Task Force’s Routing Over Low Power and Lossy Networks (IETF ROLL) working group developed the IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) to meet these needs. While the initial RPL standard focused on single-metric route selection, ongoing research explores enhancing RPL by incorporating multiple routing metrics… More >

Priyanka¹, Manjit Kaur¹, Deepak Prashar¹, Leo Mrsic², Arfat Ahmad Khan^3,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.82, No.2, pp. 1615-1643, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.059043 - 17 February 2025

Abstract “Flying Ad Hoc Networks (FANETs)”, which use “Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)”, are developing as a critical mechanism for numerous applications, such as military operations and civilian services. The dynamic nature of FANETs, with high mobility, quick node migration, and frequent topology changes, presents substantial hurdles for routing protocol development. Over the preceding few years, researchers have found that machine learning gives productive solutions in routing while preserving the nature of FANET, which is topology change and high mobility. This paper reviews current research on routing protocols and Machine Learning (ML) approaches applied to FANETs, emphasizing developments… More >

Jawad Ahmad Ansari¹, Mohamad Khairi Ishak^2,*, Khalid Ammar²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.82, No.2, pp. 2311-2330, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.057848 - 17 February 2025

Abstract Cyber-Physical System (CPS) devices are increasing exponentially. Lacking confidentiality creates a vulnerable network. Thus, demanding the overall system with the latest and robust solutions for the defence mechanisms with low computation cost, increased integrity, and surveillance. The proposal of a mechanism that utilizes the features of authenticity measures using the Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocol which applies to the multi-WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) of IoT devices in CPS which is developed for the Device-to-Device (D2D) authentication developed from the local-chain and public chain respectively combined with the Software Defined Networking (SDN) control and… More >

Rivky Afanda¹, Ahmad Zaki^1,2,*

Structural Durability & Health Monitoring, Vol.19, No.2, pp. 265-284, 2025, DOI:10.32604/sdhm.2024.053084 - 15 January 2025

Abstract Concrete is one of the most important elements in building construction. However, concrete used in construction is susceptible to damage due to corrosion. The influence of corrosive substances causes changes in the reinforcing steel and affects the strength of the structure. The repair method is one approach to overcome this problem. This research aims to determine the effect of grouting and jacketing repairs on corroded concrete. The concrete used has dimensions of 15 cm × 15 cm × 60 cm with planned corrosion variations of 50%, 60%, and 70%. The test objects were tested using… More >

Rahma Gantassi, Zaki Masood, Yonghoon Choi^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.82, No.1, pp. 327-343, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.058143 - 03 January 2025

Abstract Wireless sensor network (WSN) technologies have advanced significantly in recent years. Within WSNs, machine learning algorithms are crucial in selecting cluster heads (CHs) based on various quality of service (QoS) metrics. This paper proposes a new clustering routing protocol employing the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) to locate the optimal path traversed by the Mobile Data Collector (MDC), in terms of energy and QoS efficiency. To be more specific, to minimize energy consumption in the CH election stage, we have developed the M-T protocol using the K-Means and the grid clustering algorithms. In addition, to improve More >