Bin Zhang1, En-Cheng Liou2,*, Yi-Chih Tung3, Muhammad Usman2,4, Chiung-An Chen2,4, Chao-Shun Yang2,4
CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.145, No.2, pp. 2551-2571, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.072471
- 26 November 2025
Abstract Indoor localization is a fundamental requirement for future 6G Intelligent Sensing and Communication (ISAC) systems, enabling precise navigation in environments where Global Positioning System (GPS) signals are unavailable. Existing methods, such as map-based navigation or site-specific fingerprinting, often require intensive data collection and lack generalization capability across different buildings, thereby limiting scalability. This study proposes a cross-site, map-free indoor localization framework that uses low-frequency sub-1 GHz radio signals and a Transformer-based neural network for robust positioning without prior environmental knowledge. The Transformer’s self-attention mechanisms allow it to capture spatial correlations among anchor nodes, facilitating accurate… More >