Open Access

REVIEW

Identification of inflammatory markers as indicators for disease progression in primary Sjögren syndrome

Yan Li^1,2,3,#, Jimin Zhang^1,2,3,#, Xiaoyan Liu⁴, Kumar Ganesan⁵, Guixiu Shi^1,2,3

1 Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361000, China
2 Xiamen Municipal Clinical Research Center for Immune Diseases, Xiamen, 361000, China
3 Xiamen Key Laboratory of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, Xiamen, 361000, China
4 Department of Dermatology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
5 School of Chinese Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
#* These authors contributed equally to this article

* Corresponding Author: Guixiu Shi,

European Cytokine Network 2024, 35(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1684/ecn.2024.0496

Accepted 06 February 2024;

Abstract

Primary Sjögren syndrome (pSS) is a systemic autoimmune disorder that affects various systems in the body, resulting in symptoms such as dry eyes and mouth, pain, and fatigue. Inflammation plays a critical role in pSS and its associated complications, with chronic inflammation being a common occurrence in patients with pSS. This review of the literature highlights inflammatory markers that could serve as indicators to predict disease progression in pSS. Results: Laboratory markers are frequently and significantly increased in pSS patients, including erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, complement proteins, S100 proteins, cytokines (IFNs, CD40 ligand, soluble CD25, rheumatoid factors, interleukins, and TNF-α), and chemokines (CXCL13, CXCL10, CCL2, CXCL11, and CCL25). These inflammatory markers can be used as prognostic indicators for disease progression in pSS. Conclusion: In conclusion, the results from the studies reported in this review indicate that high levels of inflammatory markers may serve as markers for disease progression of pSS, which, in turn, may be valuable in predicting disease outcome.

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Keywords

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