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Anisodine hydrobromide alleviates oxidative stress caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells predominantly via inhibition of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 4

WENLI JIANG1,#, JUNYI SHEN1,#, XIAOQIANG DU1,#, YAN QIU1, JIAN ZHONG1, ZHI OUYANG1, BINGMEI M. FU2, YE ZENG1,*

1 Institute of Biomedical Engineering, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
2 Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of the City University of New York, New York, 10031, USA

* Corresponding Author: YE ZENG. Email: email
# Co-first authors

BIOCELL 2023, 47(10), 2255-2263. https://doi.org/10.32604/biocell.2023.030880

Abstract

Background: Anisodine hydrobromide (AT3), an anti-cholinergic agent, could be delivered to the brain across the blood-brain barrier and has been used clinically for the treatment of cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. Endothelial dysfunction can be caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) via oxidative stress and metabolic alterations. The present study investigated whether AT3 regulates the production of nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the HIF-1α pathway via regulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) in brain microvascular endothelial cells after H/R exposure. Methods: Under H/R conditions, hCMEC/D3 cerebral microvascular endothelial cells were treated with AT3. Specific inhibitors of M2- and M4- mAChRs were used to explore the mechanism by which AT3 influences oxidative stress in endothelial cells. Then, mAChRs expression was detected by western blotting and NO production was detected by Greiss reaction. The intracellular ROS level was measured using DCFH-DA probes. The expression of hypoxia-inducible transcription factor 1α (HIF-1α) was also detected. Results: While H/R induced the expression of M2- and M4-mAChRs, AT3 suppressed the H/R-upregulated M2- and M4-mAChRs. H/R also induced the production of NO, ROS, and apoptosis. AT3 and M4-mAChR inhibitors inhibited the H/R-induced production of NO and ROS and apoptosis. HIF-1α was induced by H/R, but was suppressed by AT3. Conclusion: Thus, the in vitro evidence shows that AT3 protects against H/R injury in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells via inhibition of HIF-1α, NO and ROS, predominantly through the downregulation of M4-mAChR. The findings offer novel understandings regarding AT3-mediated attenuation of endothelial cell apoptosis and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Graphic Abstract

Anisodine hydrobromide alleviates oxidative stress caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells predominantly via inhibition of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 4

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APA Style
JIANG, W., SHEN, J., DU, X., QIU, Y., ZHONG, J. et al. (2023). Anisodine hydrobromide alleviates oxidative stress caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells predominantly via inhibition of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 4. BIOCELL, 47(10), 2255-2263. https://doi.org/10.32604/biocell.2023.030880
Vancouver Style
JIANG W, SHEN J, DU X, QIU Y, ZHONG J, OUYANG Z, et al. Anisodine hydrobromide alleviates oxidative stress caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells predominantly via inhibition of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 4. BIOCELL . 2023;47(10):2255-2263 https://doi.org/10.32604/biocell.2023.030880
IEEE Style
W. JIANG et al., “Anisodine hydrobromide alleviates oxidative stress caused by hypoxia/reoxygenation in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells predominantly via inhibition of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor 4,” BIOCELL , vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 2255-2263, 2023. https://doi.org/10.32604/biocell.2023.030880



cc Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). Published by Tech Science Press.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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