Open Access

ARTICLE

Derivative Free and Dispatch Algorithm-Based Optimization and Power System Assessment of a Biomass-PV-Hydrogen Storage-Grid Hybrid Renewable Microgrid for Agricultural Applications

Md. Fatin Ishraque¹, Akhlaqur Rahman², Kamil Ahmad¹, Sk. A. Shezan^3,*, Md. Meheraf Hossain¹, Sheikh Rashel Al Ahmed¹, Md. Iasir Arafat¹, Noor E Nahid Bintu⁴

1 Deptartment of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering, Pabna University of Science and Technology, Rajapur, Pabna, 6600, Bangladesh
2 Department of Electrical Engineering and Industrial Automation, Engineering Institute of Technology, Melbourne, VIC 3283, Australia
3 Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Faisal Centre for Renewable Energy Studies and Applications, Northern Border University, Arar, 91431, Saudi Arabi
4 Department of Computer Science, Victoria University, Sydney, NSW 2000, Australia

* Corresponding Author: Sk. A. Shezan. Email:

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integration of Renewable Energies with the Grid: An Integrated Study of Solar, Wind, Storage, Electric Vehicles, PV and Wind Materials and AI-Driven Technologies)

Energy Engineering 2025, 122(8), 3347-3375. https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2025.067492

Received 05 May 2025; Accepted 24 June 2025; Issue published 24 July 2025

Abstract

In this research work, the localized generation from renewable resources and the distribution of energy to agricultural loads, which is a local microgrid concept, have been considered, and its feasibility has been assessed. Two dispatch algorithms, named Cycle Charging and Load Following, are implemented to find the optimal solution (i.e., net cost, operation cost, carbon emission. energy cost, component sizing, etc.) of the hybrid system. The microgrid is also modeled in the DIgSILENT Power Factory platform, and the respective power system responses are then evaluated. The development of dispatch algorithms specifically tailored for agricultural applications has enabled to dynamically manage energy flows, responding to fluctuating demands and resource availability in real-time. Through careful consideration of factors such as seasonal variations and irrigation requirements, these algorithms have enhanced the resilience and adaptability of the microgrid to dynamic operational conditions. However, it is revealed that both approaches have produced the same techno-economic results showing no significant difference. This illustrates the fact that the considered microgrid can be implemented with either strategy without significant fluctuation in performance. The study has shown that the harmful gas emission has also been limited to only 17,928 kg/year of , and 77.7 kg/year of Sulfur Dioxide. For the proposed microgrid and load profile of 165.29 kWh/day, the net present cost is USD 718,279, and the cost of energy is USD 0.0463 with a renewable fraction of 97.6%. The optimal sizes for PV, Bio, Grid, Electrolyzer, and Converter are 1494, 500, 999,999, 500, and 495 kW, respectively. For a hydrogen tank (HTank), the optimal size is found to be 350 kg. This research work provides critical insights into the techno-economic feasibility and environmental impact of integrating biomass-PV-hydrogen storage-Grid hybrid renewable microgrids into agricultural settings.

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