Open Access

ARTICLE

Comparative Analysis of Nano-Blood Flow in Mild to Severe Multiple Constricted Curved Arteries

Sehrish Bibi^1,*, Vincenzo Minutolo², Obaid Ullah Mehmood³, Renato Zona²

1 Department of Mathematics and Physics, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Viale Lincoln 5, Caserta, 81100, Italy
2 Department of Engineering, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Via Roma 29, Aversa, 81031, Italy
3 Department of Mathematics, Comsats University Islamabad Wah Campus, Wah Cantt, 47040, Pakistan

* Corresponding Author: Sehrish Bibi. Email:

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Model-Based Approaches in Fluid Mechanics: From Theory to industrial Applications)

Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing 2025, 21(10), 2473-2493. https://doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2025.072470

Received 27 August 2025; Accepted 16 October 2025; Issue published 30 October 2025

Abstract

Arterial stenosis is a critical condition with increasing prevalence among pediatric patients and young adults, making its investigation highly significant. Despite extensive studies on blood flow dynamics, limited research addresses the combined effects of nanoparticles and arterial curvature on unsteady pulsatile flow through multiple stenoses. This study aims to analyze the influence of nanoparticles on blood flow characteristics in realistic curved arteries with mild to severe overlapped constrictions. Using curvilinear coordinates, the thermal energy and momentum equations for nanoparticle-laden blood were derived, and numerical results were obtained through an explicit finite difference method. Key findings reveal that nanoparticle injections reduce blood temperature intensity, while arterial curvature strongly affects flow symmetry. Moreover, temperature, axial velocity, wall shear stress, and volumetric flow rate decrease significantly in severe stenosis compared to mild and moderate cases. These results provide new insights into nanoparticle-assisted blood flow under complex stenotic conditions and may contribute to improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.

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Keywords

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