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Biomass-Derived Hard Carbon Anodes from Setaria Viridis for Na-Ion Batteries

Jingxiang Meng1, Xin Liu1, Wenping Zeng1, Jianjun Song2, Songyi Liao1, Yonggang Min1,2,*, Jintao Huang1,*
1 College of Materials and Energy, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangdong, 510006, China
2 Guangzhou Liangyue Materials Technology Co., Ltd., Guangdong, 510006, China
* Corresponding Author: Yonggang Min. Email: email; Jintao Huang. Email: email

Journal of Renewable Materials https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0098

Received 02 May 2025; Accepted 18 September 2025; Published online 16 October 2025

Abstract

Biomass-derived hard carbon has gradually become an important component of sodium-ion batteries’ anodes. In this work, Setaria viridis, a widely distributed plant, was employed as a precursor to synthesize hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries. However, the hard carbon derived from raw precursors contains substantial impurities, which limit the performance of the obtained hard carbon. With different chemical etching processes, the content of impurities in the resultants was reduced to varying degrees. The optimized hard carbon anode delivered a reversible capacity of 198 mAh g−1 at a current density of 0.04 A g−1. This work shows the effects of impurities, especially the Si-based matter, on the formation of microstructure and electrochemical performance of the regulated hard carbon, which broadens the application of the biomass-derived materials. This work also provides a strategy for processing impurity-rich biomass precursors to develop hard carbon anodes for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs).

Graphical Abstract

Biomass-Derived Hard Carbon Anodes from Setaria Viridis for Na-Ion Batteries

Keywords

Biomass; hard carbon; sodium-ion batteries; anodes

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