Open Access

ARTICLE

Desorption Behavior and Thermogravimetric Analysis of Bio-Hardeners

Benoit Ndiwe^1,2,3, Antonio Pizzi^4,*, Hubert Chapuis⁵, Noel Konai⁶, Lionel Karga⁷, Pierre Girods⁴, Raidandi Danwe^6,8

1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Higher Technical Teacher Training College Douala (ENSET), University of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
2 Laboratory of Forest Resources and Wood Valorization (Larefob), ENSET of Douala, Douala, Cameroon
3 Department of Engineering Science, West University, Gustava Melius gata 2 S-461 32, Trollhättan, Sweden
4 LERMAB-ENSTIB, University of Lorraine, Epinal, 88051, France
5 Laboratoire D’Etudes et de Recherche sur le Matériau Bois LERMAB, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Université de Lorraine, Nancy, France
6 Laboratory of Materials Mechanics, Structures and Integrated Manufacturing, National Advanced School of Engineering, Yaoundé 1 University, Yaoundé, Cameroon
7 Department of Mechanical Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Faculty of Mines and Petroleum Industries, University of Maroua, Kaélé, Cameroon
8 Laboratory of Mechanic, Materials and Building, Sahel Institute of Maroua University, Maroua, Cameroon

* Corresponding Author: Antonio Pizzi. Email:

(This article belongs to this Special Issue: Renewable and Biosourced Adhesives-2021)

Journal of Renewable Materials 2022, 10(8), 2015-2027. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2022.019891

Received 22 October 2021; Accepted 27 December 2021; Issue published 25 April 2022

Abstract

In this work, the thermal degradation and drying of bio-hardeners are investigated. Four bio-hardeners based on exudates of Senegalia senegal, Vachellia nilotica, Vachellia seyal, and Acacia Siebteriana were analyzed by FTIR and thermogravimetric analysis, and a desorption study was also conducted. The analysis by infrared spectroscopy indicates the existence of oligomers of different types all giving 5-hydroxy-2-hydroxymethylfuran and 2, 5-dihydroxymethylfuran which are then the real hardening molecules. The pyrolysis of these extracts reveals three main regions of mass loss, a first region is located between 25°C and 110°C reflecting the loss of water from the adhesive and the formation of some traces of volatile organic compounds such as CO₂ and CO, a second zone characterized by the release of CO, CO₂ and CH₄ gases with peaks between 110° and 798.8°C. At the end of the analysis, about 22% of the initial mass remains undecomposed, this mass corresponds to the rigid segments of the bio-hardener which are not completely decomposed.

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Graphical Abstract

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Keywords

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