Open Access

ARTICLE

Catalytic Cracking of Crude Palm Oil-Based Biorefinery to Biogasoline over γ-Al₂O₃: Study of Physico-Chemical Properties and Life Cycle Assessment

Hosta Ardhyananta^1,*, Widyastuti Widyastuti¹, Maria Anityasari², Sigit Tri Wicaksono¹, Vania Mitha Pratiwi¹, Rindang Fajarin¹, Liyana Labiba Zulfa³, Komang Nickita Sari², Ninik Safrida¹, Haris Al Hamdi¹

1 Department of Materials and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Arif Rahman Hakim, Kampus ITS Keputih-Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
2 Department of Industrial Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Systems Engineering, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Arif Rahman Hakim, Kampus ITS Keputih-Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia
3 Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Data Analytics, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Jl. Arif Rahman Hakim, Kampus ITS Keputih-Sukolilo, Surabaya, 60111, Indonesia

* Corresponding Author: Hosta Ardhyananta. Email:

Journal of Renewable Materials 2025, 13(10), 1913-1934. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2025.02025-0018

Received 22 February 2025; Accepted 14 May 2025; Issue published 22 October 2025

Abstract

The total replacement of old fossil fuels poses obstacles, making the production of efficient biogasoline vital. Despite its potential as an environmentally friendly fossil fuel substitute, the life cycle assessment (LCA) of palm oil-derived biogasoline remains underexplored. This study investigated the production of biogasoline from crude palm oil (CPO) based biorefinery using catalytic cracking over mesoporous γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst and LCA analysis. High selectivity of converting CPO into biogasoline was achieved by optimizing catalytic cracking parameters, including catalyst dose, temperature, and contact time. γ-Al₂O₃ and CPO were characterized by several methods to study the physical and chemical properties. The physical properties of biogasoline, such as density, calorific value, viscosity, and flash point, were investigated. An overall yield of 60.11% was achieved after catalytic cracking produced several C5-C11 short-chain hydrocarbons. Additionally, this research proposes innovative emission reduction strategies, including waste-to-biogasoline conversion and the use of biodegradable feedstocks that enhance the sustainability of biogasoline production. LCA of γ-Al₂O₃’s energy and environmental implications reveals minor effects on global warming (0.0068%) and freshwater ecotoxicity (0.187%). LCAs show a 0.085% impact in the energy sector. This focus on both ecological impacts and practical mitigation strategies deepens the understanding of biogasoline production.

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Keywords

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