Open Access

ARTICLE

Comparative Study on the Phenolic Compound Extraction in the Biorefinery Upgrading Process of Multi-Feedstock Biomass Waste Based Bio-Oil

Haniif Prasetiawan^1,2,*, Dewi Selvia Fardhyanti¹, Hadiyanto², Widya Fatriasari³

1 Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Semarang, Gd. E1 Lt. 2 UNNES Kampus Sekaran, Gunungpati, Semarang, 50229, Indonesia
2 Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 50275, Indonesia
3 Research Center for Biomass and Bioproducts, National Research and Innovation Agency (BRIN), Jl Raya Bogor KM 46, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia

* Corresponding Author: Haniif Prasetiawan. Email:

Journal of Renewable Materials 2025, 13(7), 1347-1366. https://doi.org/10.32604/jrm.2025.02024-0070

Received 22 December 2024; Accepted 12 May 2025; Issue published 22 July 2025

Abstract

Bio-oil is a renewable fuel that can be obtained from biomass waste, such as empty palm fruit bunches, sugarcane bagasse, and rice husks. Within a biorefinery framework, bio-oil had not met the standards as a fuel due to the presence of impurities like corrosive phenol. Therefore, the separation of phenol from bio-oil is essential and can be achieved using the extraction method. In this study, biomass wastes (empty fruit bunches of oil palm, sugarcane bagasse, and rice husk) were pyrolyzed in a biorefinery framework to produce bio-oil, which was then refined through liquid-liquid extraction with a methanol-chloroform and ethyl acetate solvents to remove its phenolic compound. The extraction with methanol-chloroform solvent was carried out for 1 h at 50°C. Meanwhile, extraction with ethyl acetate solvent was carried out for 3 h at 70°C. Both extractions used the same variations, i.e., bio-oil: solvent ratio at 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, and 1:4, and stirring speeds of 150 rpm, 200 rpm, 250 rpm, and 300 rpm. The bio-oil obtained from this study contained complex chemical compounds and had characteristics such as a pH of 5, a density of 1.116 g/mL, and a viscosity of 29.57 cSt. The optimization results using response surface methodology (RSM) showed that the best yield for methanol-chloroform was 72.98% at a stirring speed of 250 rpm and a ratio of 1:3. As for ethyl acetate solvent, the highest yield obtained was 71.78% at a stirring speed of 237.145 rpm and a ratio of 1:2.

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Keywords

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