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Open Access

REVIEW

Systematic Literature Review for Mechanisms and Costs of Plant Adaptation to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses

Mohammed Majid Abed1,2,*, Murat Aydin1, Esma Yiğider1, Melek Ekinci3, Ertan Yildirim3
1 Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25000, Turkey
2 Department of Plant Protection, University of Anbar, Anbar, 31001, Iraq
3 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Atatürk University, Erzurum, 25000, Turkey
* Corresponding Author: Mohammed Majid Abed. Email: email
(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Advances in Ornamental Plants: Micropropagation, Plant Biotechnology, Chromosome Doubling, Mutagenesis, Plant Breeding, Environmental Stress Tolerance, and Postharvest Physiology)

Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany https://doi.org/10.32604/phyton.2025.073163

Received 12 September 2025; Accepted 28 November 2025; Published online 02 December 2025

Abstract

Plants are continuously exposed to abiotic and biotic stresses that threaten their growth, reproduction, and survival. Adaptation to these stresses requires complex regulatory networks that coordinate physiological, molecular, and ecological responses. However, such adaptation often incurs significant costs, including reduced growth, yield penalties, and altered ecological interactions. This review systematically synthesizes recent advances published between 2018 and 2025, following PRISMA criteria, on plant responses to abiotic and biotic stressors, with an emphasis on the trade-offs between adaptation and productivity. It also highlights major discrepancies in the literature and discusses strategies for enhancing plant stress tolerance in agriculture. By integrating findings from genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics, the review categorizes both mechanistic insights and ecological consequences. The findings underscore the need for multi-stress, systems-level, field-based research that connects molecular processes to ecological and agricultural outcomes. Accordingly, critical gaps are identified—particularly the scarcity of multi-stress and field-based studies—and future directions that integrate omics approaches, systems biology, and eco-physiological frameworks are proposed. Understanding the costs of adaptation is essential not only for breeding resilient, high-yielding crops but also for ensuring their successful incorporation into sustainable agricultural practices under changing climate conditions.

Keywords

Abiotic stress; biotic stress; mechanisms of adaptation; plant response; costs for survival

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