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  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Understanding the Molecular Mechanisms of Nitrogen Assimilation in C3 Plants under Abiotic Stress: A Mini Review

    Saif Ullah1,2, Izhar Ali1,2,*

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.4, pp. 1029-1045, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.064608 - 30 April 2025

    Abstract Nitrogen (N) assimilation is crucial for the growth and development of C3 plants, as it converts inorganic N into organic forms, important for protein synthesis, nucleic acids and other vital biomolecules. However, abiotic stressors such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures and others significantly impact N uptake and utilization, thereby hindering plant growth and development. Recent advances in molecular biology have illuminated the complex networks that govern N assimilation under these stressful conditions, emphasizing the role of transcription factors, regulatory genes, and stress-responsive pathways. This review provides an integrated perspective on the latest research in nitrogen metabolism… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Function of Biochar: Alleviation of Heat Stress in Plants and Improvement of Soil Microbial Communities

    Arpita Rani Roy1, Israt Jahan2, Sharah Jabeen Mou2, Md. Farhan Hasin3, Prodipto Bishnu Angon1,*, Rebeka Sultana2, Badhon Mazumder4, Md. Arif Sakil5,*

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.4, pp. 1177-1210, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.063675 - 30 April 2025

    Abstract Global warming is making plants more susceptible to heat stress. Hence, adjustments to crop production systems are required for global food security. Heat stress (HS) poses a threat to the quality of ecosystems and global food security due to its adverse effects on plant development. The degree to which HS affects physiological disruptions, physical harm, and biochemical changes at various growth stages directly correlates with its effects on physiological functions, plant growth, and crop production. One promising approach is soil modification using biochar, which enhances soil health and promotes the development of microbial communities, ultimately… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Impact of Drought, Salinity, and Waterlogging on Wheat: Physiological, Biochemical Responses, and Yield Implications

    Mudasser Mehmood1,*, Zoahaib Aslam Khan1, Adil Mehmood2, Madiha Zaynab3, Muhammad Atiq ur Rahman4, Mohammad Khalid Al-Sadoon5, M. Harshini6, Ling Shing Wong7

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.4, pp. 1111-1135, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.059812 - 30 April 2025

    Abstract Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a staple crop critical for global food security, yet its productivity is significantly affected by abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and waterlogging, which are exacerbated by climate change. This study evaluated the effects of these stresses on vegetative growth, physiological responses, and yield. Field experiments were conducted using a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) at the Mona Reclamation Experimental Project (MREP), WAPDA, Bhalwal, Sargodha, Punjab Pakistan. Stress treatments included three levels of drought (25%, 50%, and 75% field capacity), salinity (4, 8, and 12 dS/m), and waterlogging (24, 48, and… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    The Role of Glutathione S-Transferase in the Regulation of Plant Growth, and Responses to Environmental Stresses

    Chen Lin1,*, Zidan Zhang1, Zhao Zhang1, Yuxiang Long1, Xuwen Shen1, Jinghao Zhang1, Youping Wang1,2,*

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.3, pp. 583-601, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.063086 - 31 March 2025

    Abstract Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) represent a large and diverse enzyme family ubiquitously distributed across the plant kingdom. These proteins catalyze the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) with electrophilic substrates in response to various stress conditions. Beyond their role in stress adaptation, certain GSTs are integral regulators of plant growth and development, contributing to a range of physiological processes. Most GST proteins exhibit dual enzymatic activities, functioning as both transferases and peroxidases, which enables their involvement in diverse cellular processes, including detoxification and stress responses. Recent advancements, particularly in X-ray crystallography, have enabled detailed structural analysis of GST More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Reviving Contaminated Soils: Microbe-Aided Phytoremediation for Sustainable Metal Pollution Cleanup

    Chengyi Zou1, Sara Zafar2,*, Umbreen Bibi2, Manzar Abbas3, Zuhair Hasnain4,*

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.3, pp. 603-621, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.062560 - 31 March 2025

    Abstract Soil metal pollution is a global issue due to its toxic nature affecting ecosystems and human health. This has become a concern since metals are non-biodegradable and toxic. Most of the reclamation methods currently used for soils rely on the use of physical and chemical means, which tend to be very expensive and result in secondary environmental damage. However, microbe-aided phytoremediation is gaining attention as it is an eco-friendly, affordable, and technically advanced method to restore the ecosystem. It is essential to understand the complex interaction between plants and microbes. The primary function of plant… More > Graphic Abstract

    Reviving Contaminated Soils: Microbe-Aided Phytoremediation for Sustainable Metal Pollution Cleanup

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    From Cell Division to Stress Tolerance: The Versatile Roles of Cytokinins in Plants

    Antonio Rodrigues da Cunha Neto1, Alexandra dos Santos Ambrósio1, Arlinda de Jesus Rodrigues Resende1, Breno Régis Santos1, Michele Carla Nadal2,*

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.3, pp. 539-560, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.061776 - 31 March 2025

    Abstract Cytokinins are plant hormones that are essential for plant growth and development and are involved in a variety of processes. They are synthesized by the modification of adenine with an isoprenoid chain, resulting in cytokinins such as isopentenyladenine and zeatin. The levels of these hormones are regulated by conjugation, degradation and oxidation processes that modulate their activity. Cytokinins are perceived by cells through specific receptors that, when activated, trigger signaling cascades responsible for regulating the expression of genes critical for development. In addition, cytokinins interact with other hormones, such as auxins, to coordinate plant growth… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Genomic Characterization of BvMLO Genes in Sugar Beet Focusing on BvMLO2 BvMLO7 Responses to Cercospora beticola and Abiotic Stress

    Ran Li1,#, Liuhong Chen1,#, Yu Liu1, Chunlei Zhao1,2, Yanli Li1,2, Guangzhou Ding1,2,*

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.3, pp. 875-895, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.061550 - 31 March 2025

    Abstract Mildew resistance locus O (MLO) proteins are extensively found in various plant species and are essential for multiple biological functions. The characterization and analysis of MLO genes have been conducted across numerous species. However, the functions and features of MLO genes inside sugar beet remain poorly understood. In the present research, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of the structural features of MLO genes, physicochemical characteristics of proteins, evolutionary connections, and expression profiles in sugar beet. A total of 13 BvMLO genes containing MLO structural domains were detected and renamed based on their locations on chromosomes within the sugar… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Impact of Soil Microbes and Abiotic Stress on Strawberry Root Physiology and Growth: A Review

    Hira Akhtar1, Akhtar Hameed1,*, Rana Binyamin1, Kashif Riaz2, Hafiz Muhammad Usman Aslam1,3, Faizan Ali4, Subhan Ali1, Zuniara Akash5, Muhammad Saqlain Zaheer6,*, Kamran Ikram6, Yasir Niaz6, Hafiz Haider Ali7,8

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.3, pp. 561-581, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.061262 - 31 March 2025

    Abstract Strawberry (Fragaria ananassa) is well known among consumers because of its attractive color, delicious taste, and nutritional benefits. It is widely grown worldwide, but its production has become a significant challenge due to changing climatic conditions that lead to abiotic stresses in plants, which results in poor root development, nutrient deficiency, and poor plant health. In this context, the major abiotic stresses are temperature fluctuations, water shortages, and high levels of soil salinity. The accumulation of salts in excessive amounts disrupts the osmotic balance and impairs physiological processes. However, drought reduces fruit size, yield, and quality.… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Enhancing Plant Resilience to Biotic and Abiotic Stresses through Exogenously Applied Nanoparticles: A Comprehensive Review of Effects and Mechanism

    Jalil Ahmad1,*, Muhammad Munir2,*, Nashi Alqahtani2,3, Tahira Alyas4, Muhammad Ahmad5, Sadia Bashir6, Fasiha Qurashi7, Abdul Ghafoor8, Hassan Ali–Dinar2

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.2, pp. 281-302, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.061534 - 06 March 2025

    Abstract A steady rise in the overall population is creating an overburden on crops due to their global demand. On the other hand, given the current climate change and population growth, agricultural practices established during the Green Revolution are no longer viable. Consequently, innovative practices are the prerequisite of the time struggle with the rising global food demand. The potential of nanotechnology to reduce the phytotoxic effects of these ecological restrictions has shown significant promise. Nanoparticles (NPs) typically enhance plant resilience to stressors by fortifying the physical barrier, optimizing photosynthesis, stimulating enzymatic activity for defense, elevating More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Calmodulin-Like Proteins in Tobacco

    Mengjie Xu, Anbin Wang, Tonghong Zuo, Hecui Zhang, Zhihao Hu, Liquan Zhu*

    Phyton-International Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol.94, No.1, pp. 157-179, 2025, DOI:10.32604/phyton.2025.060566 - 24 January 2025

    Abstract Calmodulin-like (CMLs) proteins are critical in calcium signaling and essential for plant growth, development, and stress responses. In many species, the CMLs families have been identified and described. However, the characterization and expression profiling of CMLs genes in tobacco is retrievable. In this study, a comprehensive whole-genome identification and analysis, and 75 NtCML genes were identified in tobacco, each containing two to four EF-hand domains. Most NtCML proteins exhibited conserved gene structures and motifs. Notably, most NtCML proteins were intron-less and distributed across 18 chromosomes. Two pairs of tandemly duplicated genes and seven pairs of segmentally More >

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