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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Multifunctional Lipid Nanoparticles Remodeling Tumor Immune Microenvironment for Breast Cancer Chemo-Immunotherapy

    Wei Jiang1, You Zheng1, Zhouhong Jing2, Xiangling Yu1, Huiying Fang2,*

    Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.078278 - 21 May 2026

    Abstract Background: Breast cancer treatment is often hampered by the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). To improve therapeutic efficacy, this study developed a folic acid-chitosan (FA-CS)-modified liposomal formulation co-delivering doxorubicin (DOX) and resiquimod (R848) for combined chemotherapy and immune modulation. Methods: The FA-CS-R848/DOX@Lip liposomes were prepared by rotary evaporation and characterized for morphology, particle size, zeta potential, drug encapsulation efficiency (EE), drug loading (DL) capacity, and drug release profiles. Cellular uptake and cytotoxicity were determined to assess the biological effects of the formulation. Antitumor efficacy and biosafety were assessed in an EO771 tumor-bearing mouse model. The macrophage phenotype,… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Impact of Germline BRCA1/2 Mutations on Clinical Outcomes in Metastatic Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Patients Treated with Sacituzumab Govitecan—An International CEBCC Study from Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia

    Renata Pacholczak-Madej1,2,*, Mirosława Püsküllüoğlu3,*, Anna Polakiewicz-Gilowska4, Małgorzata Pieniążek5, Iveta Kolářová6, Miroslava Malejčíková7, Lenka Rušinová8, Miloš Holánek9, Renata Soumarová10, Karolina Winsko-Szczęsnowicz11, Justyna Żubrowska12, Aleksandra Konieczna13, Agnieszka Młodzińska13, Daniel Krejčí14, Iwona Danielewicz15, Magdalena Szymanik-Resko15, Tomasz Ciszewski16, Maja Lisik-Habib17, Anika Pękala17, Hana Študentová18, Jan Šustr19, Bogumiła Czartoryska-Arłukowicz11, Aleksandra Łacko5, Jolanta Smok-Kalwat12, Michał Jarząb4, Zuzana Bielčiková20, Marcin Kubeczko4

    Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.076384 - 21 May 2026

    Abstract Background: Germline breast cancer susceptibility gene 1/2 (BRCA1/2) variants guide breast cancer treatment, but their clinical relevance in metastatic triple-negative breast cancer (mTNBC) treated with sacituzumab govitecan (SG) remains unclear. The study aimed to evaluate the association between BRCA status and outcomes in SG-treated mTNBC. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 264 patients with mTNBC and known germline BRCA1/2 (gBRCA1/2) status who received SG between August 2021 and May 2025 across multiple oncology centers in Poland, the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Survival outcomes were compared between patients with gBRCA1/2 mutations (gBRCA1/2m) and those with gBRCA1/2 wild-type (gBRCA1/2wt) using Kaplan–Meier estimates, the log-rank… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Clinical Applications of CDK4/6 Inhibitors in HR+/HER2, and Personalized Treatment Strategies: A Narrative Review

    Guoliang Zhong1, Tianqing Yang1, Shuqi Lin1, Muyi Zhong1,2,*

    Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.076300 - 21 May 2026

    Abstract Hormone Receptor-positive/Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2-negative (HR+/HER2−) breast cancer treatment has made a breakthrough due to the introduction of cyclin-dependent kinases 4 and 6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors. This article mainly reviews the mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and current application status of CDK4/6 inhibitors, including Palbociclib, Ribociclib, Abemaciclib, and the emerging Dalpiciclib. The advantages and limitations of different treatment stages are also discussed. CDK4/6 inhibitors have excellent efficacy in prolonging progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS), and have become a key option for HR+/HER2− breast cancer first-line and adjuvant treatment. The issues of drug More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Long Non-Coding RNAs in HER2-Positive Breast Cancer: From Resistance Mechanisms to Translational Potential

    Thanh Hoa Vo1,2, Edel McNeela1,2, Orla O’Donnovan1,2, Jai Prakash Mehta3, Van Hoa Nguyen4, Sweta Rani1,2,*

    Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.075346 - 21 May 2026

    Abstract Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have emerged as key regulators of drug resistance in human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer, a subtype in which both intrinsic and acquired resistance to HER2-targeted therapies remain major clinical challenges. Although mechanistic studies have begun to reveal how lncRNAs modulate signaling pathways, interact with microRNAs, and influence the tumor microenvironment, dedicated investigations in HER2-positive disease are still limited. This review synthesizes current evidence across epigenetic, transcriptional, and post-transcriptional mechanisms of resistance, including competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks, RNA-binding protein interactions, and exosome-mediated intercellular communication. Particular emphasis is… More >

  • Open Access

    REVIEW

    Microbiome and Response to Therapy in Triple Negative Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review

    Mariana Lopes1,#, Carlos Vila Nova2,3,#, Rui Caetano Oliveira3,4, Fernando Schmitt5, Fernando Mendes1,6,7,8,9,*, Diana Martins1,6,7,8

    Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.074215 - 21 May 2026

    Abstract Objectives: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) accounts for approximately 15% of all invasive breast cancers and is characterized by aggressive behavior, limited therapeutic options, and poor clinical outcomes. Due to the absence of hormone receptors and HER2 expression, systemic treatment relies predominantly on chemotherapy, which is associated with high rates of early recurrence and mortality. Emerging evidence suggests that alterations in the microbiome can contribute to TNBC progression and influence therapeutic response, particularly affecting the efficacy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy through immune-mediated mechanisms; however, its role in TNBC remains incompletely understood. This systematic review aims to explore… More >

  • Open Access

    CASE REPORT

    Orbital Metastases of Breast Cancer: Case Report and Review of the Literature

    Teng Zhu1,#, Siwen Zang2,#, Bo Chen1,*

    Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.067876 - 21 May 2026

    Abstract Background: Orbital metastases are rare in breast cancer, representing only 3–10% of ocular metastases. This report highlights a case where orbital involvement was the first indicator of systemic metastatic spread. Case Presentation: A 72-year-old woman with a history of Estrogen Receptor (ER)-positive (5%), Progesterone Receptor (PR)-negative, Human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer (diagnosed 3 years prior) presented with right orbital pain, diplopia, and periorbital swelling. Imaging revealed multiple myositis of the extraocular muscles, compressive displacement of the optic nerve, and right periorbital edema. Bone scintigraphy identified multifocal skeletal metastases. A navigation-assisted biopsy confirmed metastatic invasive More >

  • Open Access

    RETRACTION

    Retraction: miR-325-3p Promotes the Proliferation, Invasion, and EMT of Breast Cancer Cells by Directly Targeting S100A2

    Oncology Research Editorial Office

    Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.081623 - 22 April 2026

    Abstract This article has no abstract. More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Isoliquiritigenin Impedes Breast Cancer Progression through PITX1–PFKP-Mediated Glycolysis Reprogramming

    Cong Liu1, Zhenyu Zhang1, Ronghua Feng1, Mengsi Zeng1, Hui Li1, Mei Zhu1, Lan Zhuang2,*, Zongjuan Li1,*, Tao Wu1,*

    Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.077059 - 22 April 2026

    Abstract Background: Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in women, primarily due to distant metastasis. Metabolic reprogramming plays a critical role in tumor growth and spread, but the metabolic mechanisms underlying metastasis in breast cancer remain unclear. The primary objective of this study is to identify molecular targets mediating breast cancer progression and to evaluate whether targeting the metabolic reprogramming represents a potential therapeutic strategy. Methods: To uncover key metabolic regulators involved in breast cancer progression, we analyzed high-throughput RNA sequencing data and identified Paired Like Homeodomain 1 (PITX1) as a frequently upregulated… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Comparative Analysis of Tumor Microbiota Identifies a Metastatic-Specific Bacterial Signature, Highlighting Streptococcus spp. As the Predominant Hub across Cancers

    Nevena Todorovic1,#, Sara Bertorello1,#, Giulia Nannini1, Serena Pillozzi2, Simonetta Bianchi3, Maria Raffaella Ambrosio4, Elena Niccolai1, Simone Baldi1, Amedeo Amedei1,*

    Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.076380 - 22 April 2026

    Abstract Background: Cancer remains one of the leading global health challenges, with lung cancer (LC), breast cancer (BC), and colorectal cancer (CRC) among the most prevalent and deadly malignancies. The intratumoral microbiota (IM), a distinct microbial ecosystem within tumor tissues, has recently emerged as a potential modulator of carcinogenesis, immune responses, and metastatic progression. However, comparative cross-cancer analyses remain limited. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the IM across these cancer types, with particular emphasis on distinguishing metastatic from non-metastatic malignancies, to identify tumor-specific microbial signatures with potential relevance for biomarker discovery, patient stratification, and microbiota-informed… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Targeting SRC/STAT3 Signaling Impairs Cancer Stem Cell Activity by Downregulation of Hexokinase-2 in Radioresistant Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

    Yu-Hao Huang1, Yu-Ci Tu1, Peng-Ju Chien1,2, An-Jie Lee1, Chia-Liang Lin3, Shao-Ti Li4, Yueh-Chun Lee4,5,*, Wen-Wei Chang1,6,*

    Oncology Research, Vol.34, No.5, 2026, DOI:10.32604/or.2026.075190 - 22 April 2026

    Abstract Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive subtype with poor prognosis and resistance to conventional therapies, including radiotherapy. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive tumor initiation, metastasis, and therapy resistance in TNBC. Identifying pathways sustaining CSCs in radioresistant TNBC is key for targeted therapies. This study examines SRC proto-oncogene (SRC) and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) activation in radioresistance and CSC maintenance. Methods: A radioresistant MDA-MB-231 TNBC cell line (231RR) was developed and compared to the parental line for CSC activity and self-renewal. Western blotting assessed molecular changes; functional assays followed… More >

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