Walaa Alayed¹, Asad Ur Rehman², M.Awais Ehsan³, Waqar Ul Hassan⁴, Ahmed Zeeshan^5,6,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.88, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.078078 - 08 May 2026

Abstract The rapid growth in the field of data and cloud computing has made it essential to ensure information security. Encryption consists of multiple layers, among which a critical component is the Substitution box (S-box). The S-box provides nonlinearity and confusion between the original and cipher forms, and its performance directly determines the security of the cipher against cryptanalysis. Chaotic systems have been widely used for image encryption, however, they suffer from well known limitations such as deterministic periodicity and reduced unpredictability in finite field digital environments. To address these issues, we propose a new S-box… More >

Chaokun Wang¹, Sijiang Xie^1,*, Yalong Yan², Hong Zhao²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.88, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.077994 - 08 May 2026

Abstract Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) ensures secure key establishment through the principles of quantum mechanics; however, its effectiveness in practice hinges on dependable identity verification via classical channels during the post-processing phase. Current QKD implementations typically depend on pre-existing symmetric-key authentication, which suffers from limited scalability and complicated key management in extensive networks. Authentication methods utilizing post-quantum cryptography (PQC) signatures, based on complex mathematical assumptions, introduce extra and uncertain security dependencies, potentially compromising the security model integrity that QKD aims to maintain. This paper explores the application of hash-based signatures (HBS) for identity verification in the… More >

Fahad Algarni^1,2,*, Saeed Ullah Jan³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.88, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.077157 - 08 May 2026

Abstract With the increasing connectivity and intelligence of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, which interface with numerous aspects of our daily lives, security remains a major concern for IoT devices deployed in e-healthcare systems. The existing solutions demonstrate that authentication of IoT devices across all domains, especially in healthcare, poses significant vulnerabilities, including side-channel, insider, and replay attacks. Alternatively, it is not feasible for resource-constrained IoT devices due to the computational, communicational, and space overheads of modular exponentiation or bilinear pairing, or because it requires four to five round-trips for authentication. The rapid growth of IoT in the… More >

Urvashi Chaudhary^1,2,*, Samikkannu Rajkumar³, Dushantha Nalin K. Jayakody^1,2,4, Yakubu Tsado⁵, Bamidele Adebisi⁶

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.88, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.070014 - 08 May 2026

Abstract This research paper explores how wireless communication has played a key role in transforming healthcare and bringing in a new era of personalized, linked, and data-driven medical services. With the proliferation of wireless healthcare applications, ensuring the security and privacy of sensitive medical data has become paramount. We discuss the potential of blockchain technology, to address challenges and to secure next-generation wireless healthcare. We have elaborated how blockchain’s core characteristics, such as immutability and decentralization, can create a secure and transparent environment for sharing and storing medical data. Additionally, this paper examines how emerging technologies,… More >

Michael Juma Ayuma^1,*, Shem Mbandu Angolo^1,*, Philemon Nthenge Kasyoka²

Journal on Internet of Things, Vol.8, pp. 31-65, 2026, DOI:10.32604/jiot.2026.074919 - 16 March 2026

Abstract Encryption is essential for safeguarding sensitive data by transforming it into a secret code, which can only be decrypted by authorized parties. This ensures privacy and protects data from unauthorized access. While various encryption algorithms exist, relying on a single method may not provide sufficient security, particularly in the context of token transmission. Common threats such as brute force attacks, man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks, token modification, and replay attacks are prevalent in adversarial attempts to breach the security of tokens during transmission. When these vulnerabilities are not addressed, they can compromise token integrity and the security… More >

Chia-Hui Liu¹, Zhen-Yu Wu^2,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.87, No.2, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.075495 - 12 March 2026

Abstract Federated Learning (FL) enables collaborative medical model training without sharing sensitive patient data. However, existing FL systems face increasing security risks from post quantum adversaries and often incur non-negligible computational and communication overhead when encryption is applied. At the same time, training high performance AI models requires large volumes of high quality data, while medical data such as patient information, clinical records, and diagnostic reports are highly sensitive and subject to strict privacy regulations, including HIPAA and GDPR. Traditional centralized machine learning approaches therefore pose significant challenges for cross institutional collaboration in healthcare. To address… More >

Bassam Al-Shargabi^1,*, Mohammed Abbas Fadhil Al-Husainy², Abdelrahman Abuarqoub¹, Omar Albahbouh Aldabbas³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.87, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.074550 - 10 February 2026

Abstract The advent of 5G technology has significantly enhanced the transmission of images over networks, expanding data accessibility and exposure across various applications in digital technology and social media. Consequently, the protection of sensitive data has become increasingly critical. Regardless of the complexity of the encryption algorithm used, a robust and highly secure encryption key is essential, with randomness and key space being crucial factors. This paper proposes a new Robust Deoxyribonucleic Acid (RDNA) nucleotide-based encryption method. The RDNA encryption method leverages the unique properties of DNA nucleotides, including their inherent randomness and extensive key space,… More >

Sghaier Guizani^1,*, Tehseen Mazhar^2,3,*, Habib Hamam^4,5,6,7

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.87, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.073883 - 10 February 2026

Abstract The advent of quantum computing poses a significant challenge to traditional cryptographic protocols, particularly those used in Secure Multiparty Computation (MPC), a fundamental cryptographic primitive for privacy-preserving computation. Classical MPC relies on cryptographic techniques such as homomorphic encryption, secret sharing, and oblivious transfer, which may become vulnerable in the post-quantum era due to the computational power of quantum adversaries. This study presents a review of 140 peer-reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2025 that used different databases like MDPI, IEEE Explore, Springer, and Elsevier, examining the applications, types, and security issues with the solution of… More >

Chia-Hui Liu^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.2, pp. 1-18, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.072887 - 09 December 2025

Abstract The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has emerged as a cornerstone of Industry 4.0, enabling large-scale automation and data-driven decision-making across factories, supply chains, and critical infrastructures. However, the massive interconnection of resource-constrained devices also amplifies the risks of eavesdropping, data tampering, and device impersonation. While digital signatures are indispensable for ensuring authenticity and non-repudiation, conventional schemes such as RSA and ECC are vulnerable to quantum algorithms, jeopardizing long-term trust in IIoT deployments. This study proposes a lightweight, stateless, hash-based signature scheme that achieves post-quantum security while addressing the stringent efficiency demands of IIoT. The… More >

Raghavendra Kulkarni¹, Venkata Satya Suresh kumar Kondeti¹, Binu Sudhakaran Pillai², Surendran Rajendran^3,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.1, pp. 1-23, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.069835 - 10 November 2025

Abstract The next-generation RAN, known as Open Radio Access Network (ORAN), allows for several advantages, including cost-effectiveness, network flexibility, and interoperability. Now ORAN applications, utilising machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, have become standard practice. The need for Federated Learning (FL) for ML model training in ORAN environments is heightened by the modularised structure of the ORAN architecture and the shortcomings of conventional ML techniques. However, the traditional plaintext model update sharing of FL in multi-BS contexts is susceptible to privacy violations such as deep-leakage gradient assaults and inference. Therefore, this research presents a… More >