Milad Moradi^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.89, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.086229 - 13 August 2026

Abstract Large Language Models (LLMs) have rapidly evolved into general-purpose systems with broad applicability across information access, reasoning, decision support, and human-computer interaction. Their growing deployment, however, has intensified concerns regarding safety, alignment, and robustness, especially as these models become integrated with external tools, retrieval systems, and increasingly agentic workflows. This review provides an analytical overview of the principal risks, technical advances, evaluation practices, and future directions in this area. It first clarifies the conceptual foundations of safety, alignment, robustness, and reliability in the context of LLMs. It then examines the major risk categories associated with More >

Adeel Iqbal^1,#,*, Muhammad Faisal Siddiqui^2,#,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.89, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.084851 - 13 August 2026

Abstract Hop-constrained packet routing is a fundamental problem in wireless sensor networks (WSNs), where latency constraints, energy limitations, and practical feasibility requirements greatly restrict routing choices. Traditional methods based on shortest path and greedy routing have low complexity but cannot adapt to dynamic network changes well, while reinforcement learning for routing has the potential to adapt to network variations but has not been well explored in the hard hop-constrained setting. The current study attempts to fill the gap by modeling hop-constrained routing as the decision-making problem in a finite-horizon setting. An integrated simulation environment is proposed… More >

Ying Yan¹, Yongqiang Yang², Cong Jiang³, Bin Suo³, Kai Sun^4,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.89, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.084652 - 13 August 2026

Abstract Degradation data in practical reliability engineering are often scarce and heterogeneous, originating from multiple sources with varying degrees of uncertainty and conflict. Accordingly, this study proposes a hybrid framework that integrates Dempster–Shafer (D-S) evidence theory with the Wiener process for small-sample reliability assessment using multi-source heterogeneous data. First, a probabilistic non-uniform sampling method regularizes varied data sources and computes basic probability assignments (BPA). Second, a weight synthesis mechanism is constructed, where prior weights derived from prior knowledge are updated by evidence similarity quantified through the Expectation–Width (EW) distance, yielding posterior weights. Quantile sequences from each More >

Kiran Saleem¹, Upinder Kaur^2,*, Abdulrahman Mohammed Alamoudi³, Mai Alduailij⁴, Ahmad Subhi Salem Mufleh⁵, Ateeq Ur Rehman^6,*, Salil Bharany⁷

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.89, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.083670 - 13 August 2026

Abstract Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) are exceedingly critical for large-scale underwater applications, such as environmental monitoring, infrastructure inspection, target tracking, and marine surveillance. Nevertheless, network lifetime and communication reliability are severely constrained by harsh underwater acoustic conditions, limited battery power, large propagation delays, node mobility, and uneven energy consumption. In response to these issues, this study proposes a Climate-Aware Hybrid Clustering and Routing (CA-HCR-UWSN) framework to enable sustainable, long-term underwater monitoring. This work proposes a hybrid framework that combines Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) with the Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) to provide an effective solution to… More >

Abeer S. Hadad¹, Fahman Saeed², Adeeb A. Ahmed^3,*, Jiangbin Zheng¹

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.148, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2026.083873 - 27 July 2026

Abstract Loop invariant inference is fundamental to program verification, yet it remains particularly challenging for multipath loops, where different execution paths may exhibit incompatible behaviors across feasible executions. In such settings, invariants that are both sound and sufficiently precise often require disjunctive forms, whose automatic inference remains difficult. This paper presents an efficient, path-sensitive, counterexample-guided framework for automated loop invariant inference. Our approach leverages a Path Dependency Automaton (PDA) to systematically decompose the semantics of multipath loops by modeling feasible execution paths independently. Building on this decomposition, we introduce a localized, path-guided Counterexample-Guided Invariant Refinement (CEGIR) More >

Alireza Norouzpour Shahrbejari¹, Nafiseh Pishbin², Mohammad Reza Maghami^3,*, Mazlan Mohamed^4,*, Mohammad Golmohammad¹

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.148, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2026.083763 - 27 July 2026

Abstract This study presents a weighted-sum multi-criteria optimization framework using PSO for the optimal siting, sizing, and scenario-based operation of energy storage systems (ESSs) in renewable-integrated distribution networks. The proposed model concurrently addresses technical, economic, and reliability objectives—minimizing active power losses (PL), voltage deviation (VD), expected energy not supplied (EENS), and short-circuit level (SCL), while maximizing voltage sensitivity index (VSI) and power-loss sensitivity factor (PLSF). A Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm with weighted-sum scalarization is employed to solve this complex, nonlinear optimization problem and effectively balance the conflicting operational goals. The framework is validated using IEEE… More >

Mohammed Ansar Mohammed Manaz^1,*, Shang Ping Hong², Tzung-Lin Lee¹

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.148, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2026.083270 - 27 July 2026

Abstract Silicon Carbide Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors (SiC MOSFETs) have superior characteristics compared to traditional Silicon-based switching devices. SiC devices can support fast switching speeds and high blocking voltages. Due to limited historical data and rapid technological improvements, there is not enough field data to correctly evaluate the reliability of the state-of-the-art SiC MOSFETs. An accurate model of their reliability and aging characteristics is needed to expedite their rapid commercial adoption in mission-critical applications, such as offshore wind farms and electric vehicles. Classical handbook-based methods produce large errors due to their inability to correctly… More >

Betül Şenyayla¹, Aytuğ Onan^2,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.88, No.3, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.081260 - 23 July 2026

Abstract Large Language Models (LLMs) have become a cornerstone of modern natural language processing, achieving strong performance across diverse tasks. Despite these advances, their tendency to generate hallucinated or factually unsupported content remains a critical challenge for reliable deployment. Existing evaluation approaches predominantly rely on single-task settings and aggregate performance metrics, implicitly assuming that hallucination behavior is uniform across tasks. However, this assumption is fundamentally flawed, as hallucination characteristics vary significantly depending on task formulation, linguistic context, and evaluation criteria. To address these limitations, this paper proposes HalluBench, a task-aware multi-LLM benchmarking framework designed for systematic… More >

Yueyang Ji¹, Yaohui Peng¹, Haoran Ji^1,*, Xinran Na¹, Yuxuan Chen¹, Wei Li², Shengbin Chen²

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.8, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.074599 - 12 July 2026

Abstract With the increasing penetration of distributed generations and continuous growth of loads, traditional rural distribution networks face severe challenges in both hosting capacity and reliability. Addressing these issues requires planning approaches that strike a balance between economic efficiency in infrastructure development and resilience in operation. Considering the dynamic growth of distributed generations and rural loads over the planning horizon, this paper presents a multi-stage expansion planning approach that coordinates flexible interconnection devices (FIDs) with substation and line construction to improve both economic performance and system reliability. The proposed method account for the time-varying growth of… More >

Chenying Yi¹, Yangjun Zhou^1,2, Wei Zhang¹, Like Gao¹, Hongwen Wu³, Yuanchao Zhou^4,*, Ke Zhou¹, Weixiang Huang¹, Juntao Pan⁵, Shan Li¹, Bin Feng⁵

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.8, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073805 - 12 July 2026

Abstract Ensuring reliability in distribution networks is essential under increasing operational and economic constraints. Traditional planning models rely on power flow calculations, leading to high computational costs and poor scalability. This study proposes a quantitative decomposition framework that establishes a direct linkage among reliability improvement measures, reliability parameters, and reliability indices, enabling fast and analytical reliability evaluation without power flow analysis. A bi-objective optimization model is developed to minimize both reliability indices (SAIDI) and investment costs, solved using Pareto-based multi-objective PSO combined with the TOPSIS method. Case studies on a 519-node distribution network demonstrate that the More >