Haoxin Sun¹, Xiao Yu^1,*, Jiale Li¹, Yitong Xu¹, Jie Yu¹, Huanhuan Li¹, Yuanzhang Li², Yu-An Tan²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.2, pp. 1-15, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.070930 - 09 December 2025

Abstract Since the advent of smart contracts, security vulnerabilities have remained a persistent challenge, compromsing both the reliability of contract execution and the overall stability of the virtual currency market. Consequently, the academic community has devoted increasing attention to these security risks. However, conventional approaches to vulnerability detection frequently exhibit limited accuracy. To address this limitation, the present study introduces a novel vulnerability detection framework called GNNSE that integrates symbolic execution with graph neural networks (GNNs). The proposed method first constructs semantic graphs to comprehensively capture the control flow and data flow dependencies within smart contracts. More >

Yan Cao^#, Zhizhuang Zhou^#, Yan Zhuang^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.1, pp. 1545-1565, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.062743 - 09 June 2025

Abstract Code obfuscation is a crucial technique for protecting software against reverse engineering and security attacks. Among various obfuscation methods, opaque predicates, which are recognized as flexible and promising, are widely used to increase control-flow complexity. However, traditional opaque predicates are increasingly vulnerable to Dynamic Symbolic Execution (DSE) attacks, which can efficiently identify and eliminate them. To address this issue, this paper proposes a novel approach for anti-DSE opaque predicates that effectively resists symbolic execution-based deobfuscation. Our method introduces two key techniques: single-way function opaque predicates, which leverage hash functions and logarithmic transformations to prevent constraint More >

Zhenhui Li¹, Shuangping Xing¹, Lin Yu¹, Huiping Li¹, Fan Zhou¹, Guangqiang Yin¹, Xikai Tang², Zhiguo Wang^1,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.78, No.2, pp. 1861-1879, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.046595 - 27 February 2024

Abstract Software security analysts typically only have access to the executable program and cannot directly access the source code of the program. This poses significant challenges to security analysis. While it is crucial to identify vulnerabilities in such non-source code programs, there exists a limited set of generalized tools due to the low versatility of current vulnerability mining methods. However, these tools suffer from some shortcomings. In terms of targeted fuzzing, the path searching for target points is not streamlined enough, and the completely random testing leads to an excessively large search space. Additionally, when it… More >

Shehab Abdulhabib Alzaeemi¹, Kim Gaik Tay^1,*, Audrey Huong¹, Saratha Sathasivam², Majid Khan bin Majahar Ali²

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.47, No.1, pp. 1163-1184, 2023, DOI:10.32604/csse.2023.038912 - 26 May 2023

Abstract Radial Basis Function Neural Network (RBFNN) ensembles have long suffered from non-efficient training, where incorrect parameter settings can be computationally disastrous. This paper examines different evolutionary algorithms for training the Symbolic Radial Basis Function Neural Network (SRBFNN) through the behavior’s integration of satisfiability programming. Inspired by evolutionary algorithms, which can iteratively find the near-optimal solution, different Evolutionary Algorithms (EAs) were designed to optimize the producer output weight of the SRBFNN that corresponds to the embedded logic programming 2Satisfiability representation (SRBFNN-2SAT). The SRBFNN’s objective function that corresponds to Satisfiability logic programming can be minimized by different… More >

Nusrat Raza¹, Umme Zainab² and Serkan Araci^3,*

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.130, No.2, pp. 903-921, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2022.017669 - 13 December 2021

Abstract In this paper, we introduce mon-symbolic method to obtain the generating functions of the hybrid class of Hermite-associated Laguerre and its associated polynomials. We obtain the series definitions of these hybrid special polynomials. Also, we derive the double lacunary generating functions of the Hermite-Laguerre polynomials and the Hermite-Laguerre-Wright polynomials. Further, we find multiplicative and derivative operators for the Hermite-Laguerre-Wright polynomials which helps to find the symbolic differential equation of the Hermite-Laguerre-Wright polynomials. Some concluding remarks are also given. More >

Pengzhi Xu^1,2, Zetian Mai^1,2, Yuhao Lin¹, Zhen Guo^1,2,*, Victor S. Sheng³

Journal of Information Hiding and Privacy Protection, Vol.3, No.4, pp. 165-179, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jihpp.2021.027280 - 22 March 2022

Abstract With the increase of software complexity, the security threats faced by the software are also increasing day by day. So people pay more and more attention to the mining of software vulnerabilities. Although source code has rich semantics and strong comprehensibility, source code vulnerability mining has been widely used and has achieved significant development. However, due to the protection of commercial interests and intellectual property rights, it is difficult to obtain source code. Therefore, the research on the vulnerability mining technology of binary code has strong practical value. Based on the investigation of related technologies,… More >

Yirong Jiang¹, Weijin Jiang^2,3,4,*, Jiahui Chen^2,*, Yang Wang², Yuhui Xu², Lina Tan², Liang Guo⁵

Journal on Internet of Things, Vol.1, No.2, pp. 41-53, 2019, DOI:10.32604/jiot.2019.07231

Abstract The symbolic network adds the emotional information of the relationship, that is, the “+” and “-” information of the edge, which greatly enhances the modeling ability and has wide application in many fields. Weak unbalance is an important indicator to measure the network tension. This paper starts from the weak structural equilibrium theorem, and integrates the work of predecessors, and proposes the weak unbalanced algorithm EAWSB based on evolutionary algorithm. Experiments on the large symbolic networks Epinions, Slashdot and WikiElections show the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method. In EAWSB, this paper proposes a More >

Shang Zhang^{1, *}, Seyedmehdi Karimi², Shahaboddin Shamshirband^{3, 4, *}, Amir Mosavi^5,6

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.58, No.2, pp. 567-583, 2019, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2019.02795

Abstract In the process of eliminating variables in a symbolic polynomial system, the extraneous factors are referred to the unwanted parameters of resulting polynomial. This paper aims at reducing the number of these factors via optimizing the size of Dixon matrix. An optimal configuration of Dixon matrix would lead to the enhancement of the process of computing the resultant which uses for solving polynomial systems. To do so, an optimization algorithm along with a number of new polynomials is introduced to replace the polynomials and implement a complexity analysis. Moreover, the monomial multipliers are optimally positioned More >

J.R. Zabadal¹, B. Bodmann¹, V. G. Ribeiro², A. Silveira², S. Silveira²

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.103, No.4, pp. 215-227, 2014, DOI:10.3970/cmes.2014.103.215

Abstract This work presents a new analytical method to transform exact solutions of linear diffusion equations into exact ones for nonlinear advection-diffusion models. The proposed formulation, based on Bäcklund transformations, is employed to obtain velocity fields for the unsteady two-dimensional Helmholtz equation, starting from analytical solutions of a heat conduction type model. More >

M.M. Kamiński¹, J. Szafran¹

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.83, No.2, pp. 143-168, 2012, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2012.083.143

Abstract The main issue in this article is computational probabilistic analysis and reliability assessment of the steel telecommunication towers subjected to material and environmental uncertainty. Such a discussion is important since very wide, frequent and relatively modern application of these structures, which are subjected to various sources of uncertainty and having at this moment no rich and time-dependent failure evidence. Numerical analysis is based on the generalized stochastic perturbation technique implemented as the Stochastic Finite Elements using the Response Function Method applied with the use of computer algebra system. A simultaneous usage of the engineering FEM… More >