Ningbo Guo, Xianming Gao^*, Duanling Li, Jixing Zhang, Penghui Yin, Mengyi Hua

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.136, No.3, pp. 3061-3082, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2023.026657

Abstract Computational fluid dynamics was used and a numerical simulation analysis of boiling heat transfer in microchannels with three depths and three cross-sectional profiles was conducted. The heat transfer coefficient and bubble generation process of three microchannel structures with a width of 80 μm and a depth of 40, 60, and 80 μm were compared during the boiling process, and the factors influencing bubble generation were studied. A visual test bench was built, and test substrates of different sizes were prepared using a micro-nano laser. During the test, the behavior characteristics of the bubbles on the boiling surface and the temperature… More >

Muhammad Shahzeb Ali¹, Ali Alqahtani^2,*, Ansar Munir Shah¹, Adel Rajab², Mahmood Ul Hassan³, Asadullah Shaikh², Khairan Rajab², Basit Shahzad⁴

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.44, No.1, pp. 845-858, 2023, DOI:10.32604/csse.2023.025449

Abstract Throughout the use of the small battery-operated sensor nodes encourage us to develop an energy-efficient routing protocol for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The development of an energy-efficient routing protocol is a mainly adopted technique to enhance the lifetime of WSN. Many routing protocols are available, but the issue is still alive. Clustering is one of the most important techniques in the existing routing protocols. In the clustering-based model, the important thing is the selection of the cluster heads. In this paper, we have proposed a scheme that uses the bubble sort algorithm for cluster head selection by considering the remaining… More >

Mohammad Khalid Imam Rahmani^*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.71, No.3, pp. 4895-4913, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.023837

Abstract In the present era, a very huge volume of data is being stored in online and offline databases. Enterprise houses, research, medical as well as healthcare organizations, and academic institutions store data in databases and their subsequent retrievals are performed for further processing. Finding the required data from a given database within the minimum possible time is one of the key factors in achieving the best possible performance of any computer-based application. If the data is already sorted, finding or searching is comparatively faster. In real-life scenarios, the data collected from different sources may not be in sorted order. Sorting… More >

G. Prathiba^1,*, M. Santhi²

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.31, No.3, pp. 1611-1626, 2022, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2022.018975

Abstract High-quality, high-resolution flash ADCs are used in reliable VLSI (Very Large-Scale Integrated) circuits to minimize the power consumption. An analogue electrical signal is converted into a discrete-valued sequence by these ADCs. This paper proposes a four-bit 1.2GS/s low-power Clocked Flash ADC (C-FADC). A low-power Clocked-Improved Threshold Inverter Quantization (CITIQ) comparator, an Adaptive Bubble Free (ABF) logic circuit, and a compact Binary Encoder (BE) are all part of the presented structure. A clock network in the comparator circuit reduces skew and jitters, while an ABF logic circuit detects and corrects fourth order bubble faults detected from thermometer code, and then the… More >

Liqiong Ding¹, Pingsheng Li², Liu He¹, Fengnan Xu¹, Jieqiong Ding^3,*, Binhua Luo^1,*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.3, pp. 767-780, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.016903

Abstract The development of contrast agents that can be activated by multiple modes is of great significance for tumor diagnosis. In this study, the lactoferrin (Lf)-conjugated polylactic acid (PLLA) nanobubbles (Lf-PLLA NBs) were used to encapsulate liquid perfluoropentane (PFP) with the double emulsion method, creating PFP loaded (PFP/Lf-PLLA) NBs for the ultrasound/magnetic resonance dual-modality imaging of subcutaneous tumor. The particle diameter and stability of nanobubbles were investigated by photon correlation spectroscopy. The biocompatibility of nanobubbles was preliminarily evaluated by cell proliferation and migration assay, hemolysis rate, and blood biochemistry analysis. A B-mode clinical ultrasound real-time imaging system was used to perform… More >

Saif S. Hasan¹, Ali Sh. Baqir¹, Hameed B. Mahood^2,*

Energy Engineering, Vol.118, No.6, pp. 1595-1609, 2021, DOI:10.32604/EE.2021.017433

Abstract In the present study, the effect of injecting air bubble size on the thermal performance of a vertical counter-current shell and coiled tube heat exchanger is experimentally investigated. The experiments were accomplished in a cylindrical shape heat exchanger with a 50 cm height and 15 cm outer diameter. Copper coil with 3.939 m equivalent length and 0.6 cm outer diameter was used to carry the hot fluid (water). Four different cold fluid (shell side) flow rates under laminar flow conditions (316 ≤ Re ≤ 1223), constant hot (coil side) flow rate fluid rates , four different injected air flow rates , invariant… More >

Ming He, Yunlong Liu^*, Shaofei Ren, Wentao Liu

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.127, No.3, pp. 923-942, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2021.015259

Abstract The fluid-structure interaction of the oscillating bubble and floating body with circular hole is essentially the nonlinear coupling problem among the incomplete movable boundary, free surface and bubble. This problem is particularly complicated in bubble dynamics. Combined with the volume of fluid method, the Eulerian finite element method is employed to deal with the fluid movement. Based on the improved penalty immersed boundary method, the transient axisymmetric numerical model is established in this paper, considering the fluid-structure interaction effect. The results of simulation are consistent with those of the electric discharge bubble experiment and explosion experiment. Subsequently, considering the influence… More >

Dan Tian^1,*, Danni Yu², Chunhui He³

FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.17, No.4, pp. 711-720, 2021, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2021.014290

Abstract In the search for sustainable alternatives to harmful synthetic fibers, an increasing amount of research focuses on biomimicry and natural fibers. Sea silk is an exceptional textile material. It is a kind of natural silk produced using the long silky filaments secreted by a specific bivalve mollusk (Pinna nobilis); now at edge of extinction. This paper suggests a simple but effective way to prepare artificial sea silk from Mytilus edulis. A sea silk solution is prepared using a Mytilus edulis protein, and a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution is mixed with the sea silk solution in order to produce artificial sea… More >

Changkye Lee¹, Sundararajan Natarajan², Jack S. Hale³, Zeike A. Taylor⁴, Jurng-Jae Yee^1,*, Stéphane P. A. Bordas^3,*

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.127, No.2, pp. 411-436, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2021.014947

Abstract This work presents a locking-free smoothed finite element method (S-FEM) for the simulation of soft matter modelled by the equations of quasi-incompressible hyperelasticity. The proposed method overcomes well-known issues of standard finite element methods (FEM) in the incompressible limit: the over-estimation of stiffness and sensitivity to severely distorted meshes. The concepts of cell-based, edge-based and node-based S-FEMs are extended in this paper to three-dimensions. Additionally, a cubic bubble function is utilized to improve accuracy and stability. For the bubble function, an additional displacement degree of freedom is added at the centroid of the element. Several numerical studies are performed demonstrating… More >

Ke Sun, Xiaoyu Hu, Da Li, Guodong Zhang, Kui Zhao, Haiyang Zhao, Shuzhan Bai^*

FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.17, No.1, pp. 81-95, 2021, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2021.013895

Abstract Experiments on subcooled flow boiling have been conducted using water in a rectangular flow channel. Similar to the coolant channel in internal combustion engines (IC engines), the flow channel in this experiment was asymmetrically heated. Bubble images were captured using a high speed camera from the side view of the channel. The experimental conditions in terms of bulk temperature, bulk velocity, pressure and heat flux ranged from 65°C–75°C, 0.25 m/s–0.75 m/s, 1–1.7 bar and 490 kW/m²–700 kW/m², respectively. On the basis of these tests, a statistical analysis of the bubble size has been conducted considering a population of 1400 samples.… More >