Changcheng Li^1,2, Weimeng Chang^1,2, Dahai Zhang^1,*, Jinghan He¹

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.069389 - 27 December 2025

Abstract Effective partitioning is crucial for enabling parallel restoration of power systems after blackouts. This paper proposes a novel partitioning method based on deep reinforcement learning. First, the partitioning decision process is formulated as a Markov decision process (MDP) model to maximize the modularity. Corresponding key partitioning constraints on parallel restoration are considered. Second, based on the partitioning objective and constraints, the reward function of the partitioning MDP model is set by adopting a relative deviation normalization scheme to reduce mutual interference between the reward and penalty in the reward function. The soft bonus scaling mechanism… More >

Akramjon Y. Boboev^1,*, Ulugbek R. Karimberdiev¹, Sardor R. Kadirov², Nuritdin Y. Yunusaliyev¹

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.22, No.11, pp. 951-957, 2025, DOI:10.15251/CL.2025.2211.951

Abstract This paper investigates the possibility of growing solid solutions of the composition (Ge₂)_1−x−y(GaAs_1−δBi_δ)_x(ZnSe)_y on silicon substrates using a germanium (Ge) buffer layer. The optimal conditions for obtaining a structurally high-quality epitaxial layer have been determined. In the study, the solid solution was obtained by liquid-phase epitaxy from a bismuth-containing melt solution. Epitaxial growth was carried out in a palladiumpurified hydrogen atmosphere at a cooling rate of 1 ÷ 1.5°C/min in the temperature range 750 ÷ 650°C. Experimental data showed that the growth of the epitaxial film significantly depends on the size of the gap between the… More >

Huaiqin Liu¹, Meng Li¹, Jianwen Shao², Weishen Zhang¹, Qifan Yang¹, Yutong Li¹, Tian Su^1,3,*, Xuefeng Mei⁴

Structural Durability & Health Monitoring, Vol.19, No.6, pp. 1563-1588, 2025, DOI:10.32604/sdhm.2025.073009 - 17 November 2025

Abstract Rock collapse is a significant geological disaster that poses a serious threat to life and property in mountainous regions worldwide. Investigating the response of protective structures to rockfall impacts can provide valuable references for the design and placement of such structures. In this study, RocPro3D and ABAQUS were employed to comprehensively analyze rockfall movement trajectories and the structural response upon impact. The results indicate that when the impact velocity of rockfall at the protective structure reaches 20–30 m/sec, the corresponding bounce height ranges from 5 to 8 m, and most rockfall accumulates at the slope More > Graphic Abstract

Bo Li, Xiaoying Yang^*, Zhijie Pei, Xin Yang, Yaqi Wu

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.2, pp. 3649-3672, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.066267 - 03 July 2025

Abstract It is well known that the kit completeness of parts processed in the previous stage is crucial for the subsequent manufacturing stage. This paper studies the flexible job shop scheduling problem (FJSP) with the objective of material kitting, where a material kit is a collection of components that ensures that a batch of components can be ready at the same time during the product assembly process. In this study, we consider completion time variance and maximum completion time as scheduling objectives, continue the weighted summation process for multiple objectives, and design adaptive weighted summation parameters… More >

Yuan Zou¹, Chao Lu^1,*, Lvjiang Yin², Xiaoyu Wen³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.2, pp. 2305-2330, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.065972 - 03 July 2025

Abstract The shop scheduling problem with limited buffers has broad applications in real-world production scenarios, so this research direction is of great practical significance. However, there is currently little research on the hybrid flow shop scheduling problem with limited buffers (LBHFSP). This paper deeply investigates the LBHFSP to optimize the goal of the total completion time. To better solve the LBHFSP, a multi-level subpopulation-based particle swarm optimization algorithm (MLPSO) is proposed, which is founded on the attributes of the LBHFSP and the shortcomings of the basic PSO (particle swarm optimization) algorithm. In MLPSO, firstly, considering the… More >

T. A. Chowdhury^*, R. B. Arif, H. Israq, N. Sharmili, R. S. Shuvo

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.21, No.2, pp. 175-187, 2024, DOI:10.15251/CL.2024.212.175

Abstract The solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) has been used to simulate, design and analyze of MoSe₂, an attractive transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) material, based heterojunction solar cells to use it as a potential alternative to conventional absorber layers used in solar cells. The work also focuses on finding optimal absorber, buffer layer thickness and impact of operating temperature on solar cell performance with a possible replacement to toxic CdS buffer layer. It has been obtained that the optimum thickness of MoSe₂ absorber layer is 1 µm and buffer layer is about 0.04 µm. The efficiency obtained More >

C. E. H. Merzouk^a, S. Bensmaine^a, L. Ghalmi^a, A. Aissat^b,c,*

Chalcogenide Letters, Vol.21, No.2, pp. 113-124, 2024, DOI:10.15251/CL.2024.212.113

Abstract This comparative numerical simulation study investigates the electrical characteristics of two heterojunction thin-film solar cells based on Kësterites Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide. The study compared two solar cells with different structures, Zinc Oxide ZnO/Cadmium Sulfide CdS/Kësterites CZTS/Molybdenum Mo and Zinc Oxide ZnO/Zinc Sulfide ZnS/Kësterites CZTS/Molybdenum Mo, to determine which is more efficient in achieving maximum photovoltaic efficiency. The results showed that the ZnO/ZnS/CZTS/Mo solar cell is the better option, outperforming the CdS/CZTS/Mo solar cell in terms of short-circuit current density J_sc, open-circuit voltage V_oc, form factor FF, and photovoltaic efficiency η. The study also investigated the More >

Hongyan Xia, Jin Zhu^*

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.138, No.2, pp. 1637-1661, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2023.029576 - 17 November 2023

Abstract Improving the cooperative scheduling efficiency of equipment is the key for automated container terminals to cope with the development trend of large-scale ships. In order to improve the solution efficiency of the existing space-time network (STN) model for the cooperative scheduling problem of yard cranes (YCs) and automated guided vehicles (AGVs) and extend its application scenarios, two improved STN models are proposed. The flow balance constraints in the original model are decomposed, and the trajectory constraints of YCs and AGVs are added to acquire the model STN_A. The coupling constraint in STN_A is updated, and… More >

Ali Alshahrani¹, Ahmad Adel Abu-Shareha^2,*, Qusai Y. Shambour², Basil Al-Kasasbeh¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.77, No.2, pp. 1679-1698, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.043545 - 29 November 2023

Abstract Active queue management (AQM) methods manage the queued packets at the router buffer, prevent buffer congestion, and stabilize the network performance. The bursty nature of the traffic passing by the network routers and the slake behavior of the existing AQM methods leads to unnecessary packet dropping. This paper proposes a fully adaptive active queue management (AAQM) method to maintain stable network performance, avoid congestion and packet loss, and eliminate unnecessary packet dropping. The proposed AAQM method is based on load and queue length indicators and uses an adaptive mechanism to adjust the dropping probability based… More >

Sikandar Khan¹, Khalid Saeed¹, Muhammad Faran Majeed^2,*, Salman A. AlQahtani³, Khursheed Aurangzeb³, Muhammad Shahid Anwar^4,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.77, No.1, pp. 1303-1323, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.039697 - 31 October 2023

Abstract Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) have the major problem of message delay in the network due to a lack of end-to-end connectivity between the nodes, especially when the nodes are mobile. The nodes in DTNs have limited buffer storage for storing delayed messages. This instantaneous sharing of data creates a low buffer/shortage problem. Consequently, buffer congestion would occur and there would be no more space available in the buffer for the upcoming messages. To address this problem a buffer management policy is proposed named “A Novel and Proficient Buffer Management Technique (NPBMT) for the Internet of… More >