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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Automated Gleason Grading of Prostate Cancer from Low-Resolution Histopathology Images Using an Ensemble Network of CNN and Transformer Models

    Md Shakhawat Hossain1,2,#,*, Md Sahilur Rahman2,#, Munim Ahmed2, Anowar Hussen3, Zahid Ullah4, Mona Jamjoom5

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.2, pp. 3193-3215, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.065230 - 03 July 2025

    Abstract One in every eight men in the US is diagnosed with prostate cancer, making it the most common cancer in men. Gleason grading is one of the most essential diagnostic and prognostic factors for planning the treatment of prostate cancer patients. Traditionally, urological pathologists perform the grading by scoring the morphological pattern, known as the Gleason pattern, in histopathology images. However, this manual grading is highly subjective, suffers intra- and inter-pathologist variability and lacks reproducibility. An automated grading system could be more efficient, with no subjectivity and higher accuracy and reproducibility. Automated methods presented previously… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    E-GlauNet: A CNN-Based Ensemble Deep Learning Model for Glaucoma Detection and Staging Using Retinal Fundus Images

    Maheen Anwar1, Saima Farhan1, Yasin Ul Haq2, Waqar Azeem3, Muhammad Ilyas4, Razvan Cristian Voicu5,*, Muhammad Hassan Tanveer5

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.2, pp. 3477-3502, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.065141 - 03 July 2025

    Abstract Glaucoma, a chronic eye disease affecting millions worldwide, poses a substantial threat to eyesight and can result in permanent vision loss if left untreated. Manual identification of glaucoma is a complicated and time-consuming practice requiring specialized expertise and results may be subjective. To address these challenges, this research proposes a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) approach using Artificial Intelligence (AI) techniques for binary and multiclass classification of glaucoma stages. An ensemble fusion mechanism that combines the outputs of three pre-trained convolutional neural network (ConvNet) models–ResNet-50, VGG-16, and InceptionV3 is utilized in this paper. This fusion technique enhances… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Addressing Modern Cybersecurity Challenges: A Hybrid Machine Learning and Deep Learning Approach for Network Intrusion Detection

    Khadija Bouzaachane1,*, El Mahdi El Guarmah2, Abdullah M. Alnajim3, Sheroz Khan4

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.2, pp. 2391-2410, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.065031 - 03 July 2025

    Abstract The rapid increase in the number of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, coupled with a rise in sophisticated cyberattacks, demands robust intrusion detection systems. This study presents a holistic, intelligent intrusion detection system. It uses a combined method that integrates machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques to improve the protection of contemporary information technology (IT) systems. Unlike traditional signature-based or single-model methods, this system integrates the strengths of ensemble learning for binary classification and deep learning for multi-class classification. This combination provides a more nuanced and adaptable defense. The research utilizes the NF-UQ-NIDS-v2… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    An Integrated Perception Model for Predicting and Analyzing Urban Rail Transit Emergencies Based on Unstructured Data

    Liang Mu1, Yurui Kang1, Zixu Yan1, Guangyu Zhu2,*

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.2, pp. 2495-2512, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.063208 - 03 July 2025

    Abstract The accurate prediction and analysis of emergencies in Urban Rail Transit Systems (URTS) are essential for the development of effective early warning and prevention mechanisms. This study presents an integrated perception model designed to predict emergencies and analyze their causes based on historical unstructured emergency data. To address issues related to data structuredness and missing values, we employed label encoding and an Elastic Net Regularization-based Generative Adversarial Interpolation Network (ER-GAIN) for data structuring and imputation. Additionally, to mitigate the impact of imbalanced data on the predictive performance of emergencies, we introduced an Adaptive Boosting Ensemble… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Application and Performance Optimization of SLHS-TCN-XGBoost Model in Power Demand Forecasting

    Tianwen Zhao1, Guoqing Chen2,3, Cong Pang4, Piyapatr Busababodhin3,5,*

    CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.143, No.3, pp. 2883-2917, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.066442 - 30 June 2025

    Abstract Existing power forecasting models struggle to simultaneously handle high-dimensional, noisy load data while capturing long-term dependencies. This critical limitation necessitates an integrated approach combining dimensionality reduction, temporal modeling, and robust prediction, especially for multi-day forecasting. A novel hybrid model, SLHS-TCN-XGBoost, is proposed for power demand forecasting, leveraging SLHS (dimensionality reduction), TCN (temporal feature learning), and XGBoost (ensemble prediction). Applied to the three-year electricity load dataset of Seoul, South Korea, the model’s MAE, RMSE, and MAPE reached 112.08, 148.39, and 2%, respectively, which are significantly reduced in MAE, RMSE, and MAPE by 87.37%, 87.35%, and 87.43%… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    ONTDAS: An Optimized Noise-Based Traffic Data Augmentation System for Generalizability Improvement of Traffic Classifiers

    Rongwei Yu1, Jie Yin1,*, Jingyi Xiang1, Qiyun Shao2, Lina Wang1

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.1, pp. 365-391, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.064438 - 09 June 2025

    Abstract With the emergence of new attack techniques, traffic classifiers usually fail to maintain the expected performance in real-world network environments. In order to have sufficient generalizability to deal with unknown malicious samples, they require a large number of new samples for retraining. Considering the cost of data collection and labeling, data augmentation is an ideal solution. We propose an optimized noise-based traffic data augmentation system, ONTDAS. The system uses a gradient-based searching algorithm and an improved Bayesian optimizer to obtain optimized noise. The noise is injected into the original samples for data augmentation. Then, an More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    BDS-3 Satellite Orbit Prediction Method Based on Ensemble Learning and Neural Networks

    Ruibo Wei1,2, Yao Kong3, Mengzhao Li1,2, Feng Liu1,2,*, Fang Cheng4,*

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.1, pp. 1507-1528, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.063722 - 09 June 2025

    Abstract To address uncertainties in satellite orbit error prediction, this study proposes a novel ensemble learning-based orbit prediction method specifically designed for the BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS). Building on ephemeris data and perturbation corrections, two new models are proposed: attention-enhanced BPNN (AEBP) and Transformer-ResNet-BiLSTM (TR-BiLSTM). These models effectively capture both local and global dependencies in satellite orbit data. To further enhance prediction accuracy and stability, the outputs of these two models were integrated using the gradient boosting decision tree (GBDT) ensemble learning method, which was optimized through a grid search. The main contribution of this More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Advanced ECG Signal Analysis for Cardiovascular Disease Diagnosis Using AVOA Optimized Ensembled Deep Transfer Learning Approaches

    Amrutanshu Panigrahi1, Abhilash Pati1, Bibhuprasad Sahu2, Ashis Kumar Pati3, Subrata Chowdhury4, Khursheed Aurangzeb5,*, Nadeem Javaid6, Sheraz Aslam7,*

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.84, No.1, pp. 1633-1657, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.063562 - 09 June 2025

    Abstract The integration of IoT and Deep Learning (DL) has significantly advanced real-time health monitoring and predictive maintenance in prognostic and health management (PHM). Electrocardiograms (ECGs) are widely used for cardiovascular disease (CVD) diagnosis, but fluctuating signal patterns make classification challenging. Computer-assisted automated diagnostic tools that enhance ECG signal categorization using sophisticated algorithms and machine learning are helping healthcare practitioners manage greater patient populations. With this motivation, the study proposes a DL framework leveraging the PTB-XL ECG dataset to improve CVD diagnosis. Deep Transfer Learning (DTL) techniques extract features, followed by feature fusion to eliminate redundancy… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Enhanced Multimodal Physiological Signal Analysis for Pain Assessment Using Optimized Ensemble Deep Learning

    Karim Gasmi1, Olfa Hrizi1,*, Najib Ben Aoun2,3, Ibrahim Alrashdi1, Ali Alqazzaz4, Omer Hamid5, Mohamed O. Altaieb1, Alameen E. M. Abdalrahman1, Lassaad Ben Ammar6, Manel Mrabet6, Omrane Necibi1

    CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.143, No.2, pp. 2459-2489, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.065817 - 30 May 2025

    Abstract The potential applications of multimodal physiological signals in healthcare, pain monitoring, and clinical decision support systems have garnered significant attention in biomedical research. Subjective self-reporting is the foundation of conventional pain assessment methods, which may be unreliable. Deep learning is a promising alternative to resolve this limitation through automated pain classification. This paper proposes an ensemble deep-learning framework for pain assessment. The framework makes use of features collected from electromyography (EMG), skin conductance level (SCL), and electrocardiography (ECG) signals. We integrate Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Long Short-Term Memory Networks (LSTM), Bidirectional Gated Recurrent Units (BiGRU),… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Methodology for Detecting Non-Technical Energy Losses Using an Ensemble of Machine Learning Algorithms

    Irbek Morgoev1, Roman Klyuev2,*, Angelika Morgoeva1

    CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.143, No.2, pp. 1381-1399, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.064502 - 30 May 2025

    Abstract Non-technical losses (NTL) of electric power are a serious problem for electric distribution companies. The solution determines the cost, stability, reliability, and quality of the supplied electricity. The widespread use of advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) and Smart Grid allows all participants in the distribution grid to store and track electricity consumption. During the research, a machine learning model is developed that allows analyzing and predicting the probability of NTL for each consumer of the distribution grid based on daily electricity consumption readings. This model is an ensemble meta-algorithm (stacking) that generalizes the algorithms of random… More >

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