Hong Huang¹, Xingxing Zhang^1,*, Ye Lu¹, Ze Li¹, Shaohua Zhou²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.78, No.3, pp. 3929-3951, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.047918

Abstract While encryption technology safeguards the security of network communications, malicious traffic also uses encryption protocols to obscure its malicious behavior. To address the issues of traditional machine learning methods relying on expert experience and the insufficient representation capabilities of existing deep learning methods for encrypted malicious traffic, we propose an encrypted malicious traffic classification method that integrates global semantic features with local spatiotemporal features, called BERT-based Spatio-Temporal Features Network (BSTFNet). At the packet-level granularity, the model captures the global semantic features of packets through the attention mechanism of the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) model. At the byte-level granularity,… More >

Wenqiu Zhu^1,2, Yongsheng Li^1,2, Qiang Liu^1,2,*, Zhigao Zeng^1,2

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.77, No.1, pp. 1373-1392, 2023, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2023.037216

Abstract Aiming at the problems of short duration, low intensity, and difficult detection of micro-expressions (MEs), the global and local features of ME video frames are extracted by combining spatial feature extraction and temporal feature extraction. Based on traditional convolution neural network (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM), a recognition method combining global identification attention network (GIA), block identification attention network (BIA) and bi-directional long short-term memory (Bi-LSTM) is proposed. In the BIA, the ME video frame will be cropped, and the training will be carried out by cropping into 24 identification blocks (IBs), 10 IBs and uncropped IBs. To alleviate… More >

Mengmeng Yan¹, Chuang Zhang^1,2,*, Jinqi Chu¹, Haichao Zhang¹, Tao Ge¹, Suting Chen¹

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.47, No.2, pp. 1433-1449, 2023, DOI:10.32604/csse.2023.040132

Abstract An action recognition network that combines multi-level spatiotemporal feature fusion with an attention mechanism is proposed as a solution to the issues of single spatiotemporal feature scale extraction, information redundancy, and insufficient extraction of frequency domain information in channels in 3D convolutional neural networks. Firstly, based on 3D CNN, this paper designs a new multilevel spatiotemporal feature fusion (MSF) structure, which is embedded in the network model, mainly through multilevel spatiotemporal feature separation, splicing and fusion, to achieve the fusion of spatial perceptual fields and short-medium-long time series information at different scales with reduced network parameters; In the second step,… More >

Dong-Hoon Shin¹, Seo-El Lee², Byeong-Uk Jeon¹, Kyungyong Chung^3,*

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.37, No.2, pp. 1925-1940, 2023, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2023.039317

Abstract Recently, the importance of data analysis has increased significantly due to the rapid data increase. In particular, vehicle communication data, considered a significant challenge in Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), has spatiotemporal characteristics and many missing values. High missing values in data lead to the decreased predictive performance of models. Existing missing value imputation models ignore the topology of transportation networks due to the structural connection of road networks, although physical distances are close in spatiotemporal image data. Additionally, the learning process of missing value imputation models requires complete data, but there are limitations in securing complete vehicle communication data. This… More >

Xiaorui Zhang^1,2,3,*, Xianglong Zeng¹, Wei Sun^3,4, Yongjun Ren^1,2,3, Tong Xu⁵

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.46, No.1, pp. 671-686, 2023, DOI:10.32604/csse.2023.035119

Abstract Gesture recognition technology enables machines to read human gestures and has significant application prospects in the fields of human-computer interaction and sign language translation. Existing researches usually use convolutional neural networks to extract features directly from raw gesture data for gesture recognition, but the networks are affected by much interference information in the input data and thus fit to some unimportant features. In this paper, we proposed a novel method for encoding spatio-temporal information, which can enhance the key features required for gesture recognition, such as shape, structure, contour, position and hand motion of gestures, thereby improving the accuracy of… More >

Sara A. Alameen^*, Areej M. Alhothali

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.44, No.1, pp. 895-912, 2023, DOI:10.32604/csse.2023.024643

Abstract Today, fatalities, physical injuries, and significant economic losses occur due to car accidents. Among the leading causes of car accidents is drowsiness behind the wheel, which can affect any driver. Drowsiness and sleepiness often have associated indicators that researchers can use to identify and promptly warn drowsy drivers to avoid potential accidents. This paper proposes a spatiotemporal model for monitoring drowsiness visual indicators from videos. This model depends on integrating a 3D convolutional neural network (3D-CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM). The 3DCNN-LSTM can analyze long sequences by applying the 3D-CNN to extract spatiotemporal features within adjacent frames. The learned… More >

Linbei Wang¹ , Zaoyu Tao¹, Lina Wang^2,*, Yongjun Ren³

Journal of Quantum Computing, Vol.3, No.3, pp. 107-118, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jqc.2021.016857

Abstract With the accelerating process of social informatization, our personal information security and Internet sites, etc., have been facing a series of threats and challenges. Recently, well-developed neural network has seen great advancement in natural language processing and computer vision, which is also adopted in intrusion detection. In this research, a hybrid model integrating MultiScale Convolutional Neural Network and Long Short-term Memory Network (MSCNN-LSTM) is designed to conduct the intrusion detection. Multi-Scale Convolutional Neural Network (MSCNN) is used to extract the spatial characteristics of data sets. And Long Short-term Memory Network (LSTM) is responsible for processing the temporal characteristics. The data… More >

Shoroog Khenkar^1,*, Salma Kammoun Jarraya^1,2

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.70, No.2, pp. 2655-2677, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.019152

Abstract This paper proposes a novel, efficient and affordable approach to detect the students’ engagement levels in an e-learning environment by using webcams. Our method analyzes spatiotemporal features of e-learners’ micro body gestures, which will be mapped to emotions and appropriate engagement states. The proposed engagement detection model uses a three-dimensional convolutional neural network to analyze both temporal and spatial information across video frames. We follow a transfer learning approach by using the C3D model that was trained on the Sports-1M dataset. The adopted C3D model was used based on two different approaches; as a feature extractor with linear classifiers and… More >

Lingyun Xiang^1,2,3, Guoqing Guo², Qian Li⁴, Chengzhang Zhu^5,*, Jiuren Chen⁶, Haoliang Ma²

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.26, No.6, pp. 1375-1390, 2020, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2020.013382

Abstract Current works on spam detection in product reviews tend to ignore the temporal relevance among reviews in the user or product entity, resulting in poor detection performance. To address this issue, the present paper proposes a spam detection method that jointly learns comprehensive temporal features from both behavioral and text features in user and product entities. We first extract the behavioral features of a single review, then employ a convolutional neural network (CNN) to learn the text features of this review. We next combine the behavioral features with the text features of each review and train a Long-Short-Term Memory (LSTM)… More >

Ruiguo Yu^1,2, Zhiqiang Liu^1,2, Jianrong Wang^1,3, Mankun Zhao^1,2, Jie Gao^1,3, Mei Yu^1,3,*

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.33, No.4, pp. 267-274, 2018, DOI:10.32604/csse.2018.33.267

Abstract The spatio-temporal feature with historical wind power information and spatial information can effectively improve the accuracy of wind power prediction, but the role of the spatio-temporal feature has not yet been fully discovered. This paper investigates the variance of the spatio-temporal feature. Based on this, a hybrid machine learning method for wind power prediction is designed. First, the training set is divided into several groups according to the variance of the input pattern, and then each group is used to train one or more predictors respectively. Multiple machine learning methods, such as the support vector machine regression and the decision… More >