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  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Significant changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal community and soil physicochemical properties during the saline-alkali grassland vegetation succession

    YAJIE LIU, LINLIN FANG, CHUNXUE YANG*

    BIOCELL, Vol.46, No.11, pp. 2475-2488, 2022, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2022.021477

    Abstract Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are widely distributed in various habitats, and the community composition varies in response to the changing environmental conditions. To explore the response of community composition to the succession of saline-alkali land, soil samples were collected from three succession stages of Songnen saline-alkali grassland. Subsequently, the soil characteristics were determined and the AM fungi in soil samples were analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Then, the response relationship between community composition and soil characteristics was studied by Canonical correlation and Pearson analyses. The soil properties improved with the succession of saline-alkali grassland. There was no significant difference in alpha… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Improving Throughput of Transmission Control Protocol Using Cross Layer Approach

    Jansi Rani Sella Veluswami*

    Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.43, No.3, pp. 1231-1239, 2022, DOI:10.32604/csse.2022.020230

    Abstract Most of the internet users connect through wireless networks. Major part of internet traffic is carried by Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). It has some design constraints while operated across wireless networks. TCP is the traditional predominant protocol designed for wired networks. To control congestion in the network, TCP used acknowledgment to delivery of packets by the end host. In wired network, packet loss signals congestion in the network. But rather in wireless networks, loss is mainly because of the wireless characteristics such as fading, signal strength etc. When a packet travels across wired and wireless networks, TCP congestion control theory… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Cognitive Radio Networks Using Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces

    Raed Alhamad*

    Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.43, No.2, pp. 751-765, 2022, DOI:10.32604/csse.2022.021932

    Abstract In this article, we optimize harvesting and sensing duration for Cognitive Radio Networks (CRN) using Intelligent Reflecting Surfaces (IRS). The secondary source harvests energy using the received signal from node A. Then, it performs spectrum sensing to detect Primary Source PS activity. When PS activity is not detected, The Secondary Source SS transmits data to Secondary Destination SD where all reflected signals on IRS are in phase at SD. We show that IRS offers 14, 20, 26, 32, 38, 44, 50 dB enhancement in throughput using M = 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512 reflectors with respect to CRN without IRS. We… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    QoS Constrained Network Coding Technique to Data Transmission Using IoT

    A. Sathishkumar1,*, T. Rammohan2, S. Sathish Kumar3, J. Uma3, K. Srujan Raju4, Aarti Sangwan5, M. Sivachitra6, M. Prabu7

    Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.43, No.2, pp. 531-544, 2022, DOI:10.32604/csse.2022.021694

    Abstract The research work presents, constrained network coding technique to ensure the successful data transmission based composite channel cmos technology using dielectric properties. The charge fragmentation and charge splitting are two components of the filtered switch domino (FSD) technique. Further behavior of selected switching is achieved using generator called conditional pulse generator which is employed in Multi Dynamic Node Domino (MDND) technique. Both FSD and MDND technique need wide area compared to existing single node-keeper domino technique. The aim of this research is to minimize dissipation of power and to achieve less consumption of power. The proposed research, works by introducing… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Feedline Separation for Independent Control of Simultaneously Different Tx/Rx Radiation Patterns

    Akarachai Inthanil, Monthippa Uthansakul*, Peerapong Uthansakul

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.72, No.2, pp. 2221-2241, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.024390

    Abstract The shortcoming of Wi-Fi networks is that one user can access the router at a time. This drawback limits the system throughput and delay. This paper proposes a concept of Simultaneously Different Tx/Rx (SDTR) radiation patterns with only one antenna set at the router. Furthermore, these two patterns have to be simultaneously operated at the same time so that the system delay can be eased. An omni-directional pattern is employed at router for receiving mode so that the router can sense carrier signal from all directions. At the same time, the router launches a directional beam pointed to another user.… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    A New Handover Management Model for Two-Tier 5G Mobile Networks

    Mohammad Arifin Rahman Khan1,*, Mohammed Golam Kaosar2, Mohammad Shorfuzzaman3, Kire Jakimoski4

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.71, No.3, pp. 5491-5509, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.024212

    Abstract There has been an exponential rise in mobile data traffic in recent times due to the increasing popularity of portable devices like tablets, smartphones, and laptops. The rapid rise in the use of these portable devices has put extreme stress on the network service providers while forcing telecommunication engineers to look for innovative solutions to meet the increased demand. One solution to the problem is the emergence of fifth-generation (5G) wireless communication, which can address the challenges by offering very broad wireless area capacity and potential cut-power consumption. The application of small cells is the fundamental mechanism for the 5G… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    BDLR: lncRNA identification using ensemble learning

    LEJUN GONG1,2,*, SHEHAI ZHOU1, JINGMEI CHEN1, YONGMIN LI1, LI ZHANG4, ZHIHONG GAO3

    BIOCELL, Vol.46, No.4, pp. 951-960, 2022, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2022.016625

    Abstract Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in many life activities such as epigenetic material regulation, cell cycle regulation, dosage compensation and cell differentiation regulation, and are associated with many human diseases. There are many limitations in identifying and annotating lncRNAs using traditional biological experimental methods. With the development of high-throughput sequencing technology, it is of great practical significance to identify the lncRNAs from massive RNA sequence data using machine learning method. Based on the Bagging method and Decision Tree algorithm in ensemble learning, this paper proposes a method of lncRNAs gene sequence identification called BDLR. The identification results… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Partially Overlapping Channel Assignment Using Bonded and Non-Bonded Channels in IEEE 802.11n WLAN

    Md. Selim Al Mamun1,2, Fatema Akhter1,*

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.71, No.2, pp. 3161-3178, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.022214

    Abstract Nowadays, wireless local area network (WLAN) has become prevalent Internet access due to its low-cost gadgets, flexible coverage and hassle-free simple wireless installation. WLAN facilitates wireless Internet services to users with mobile devices like smart phones, tablets, and laptops through deployment of multiple access points (APs) in a network field. Every AP operates on a frequency band called channel. Popular wireless standard such as IEEE 802.11n has a limited number of channels where frequency spectrum of adjacent channels overlaps partially with each other. In a crowded environment, users may experience poor Internet services due to channel collision i.e., interference from… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    An Effective Secure MAC Protocol for Cognitive Radio Networks

    Bayan Al-Amri1, Gofran Sami2, Wajdi Alhakami1,*

    Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.42, No.1, pp. 133-148, 2022, DOI:10.32604/csse.2022.021543

    Abstract The vast revolution in networking is increasing rapidly along with technology advancements, which requires more effort from all cyberspace professionals to cope with the challenges that come with advanced technology privileges and services. Hence, Cognitive Radio Network is one of the promising approaches that permit a dynamic type of smart network for improving the utilization of idle spectrum portions of wireless communications. However, it is vulnerable to security threats and attacks and demands security mechanisms to preserve and protect the cognitive radio networks for ensuring a secure communication environment. This paper presents an effective secure MAC protocol for cognitive radio… More >

  • Open Access

    ARTICLE

    Energy Efficiency Trade-off with Spectral Efficiency in MIMO Systems

    Rao Muhammad Asif1, Mustafa Shakir1, Jamel Nebhen2, Ateeq Ur Rehman3, Muhammad Shafiq4,*, Jin-Ghoo Choi4

    CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.70, No.3, pp. 5889-5905, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.020777

    Abstract 5G technology can greatly improve spectral efficiency (SE) and throughput of wireless communications. In this regard, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) technology has become the most influential technology using huge antennas and user equipment (UE). However, the use of MIMO in 5G wireless technology will increase circuit power consumption and reduce energy efficiency (EE). In this regard, this article proposes an optimal solution for weighing SE and throughput tradeoff with energy efficiency. The research work is based on the Wyner model of uplink (UL) and downlink (DL) transmission under the multi-cell model scenario. The SE-EE trade-off is carried out by… More >

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