Mohammed H. Alsharif¹, Md. Sanwar Hossain², Abu Jahid³, Muhammad Asghar Khan⁴, Bong Jun Choi^5,*, Samih M. Mostafa^6,7

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.71, No.3, pp. 4803-4818, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.023500 - 14 January 2022

Abstract Since around 1980, a new generation of wireless technology has arisen approximately every 10 years. First-generation (1G) and second-generation (2G) began with voice and eventually introduced more and more data in third-generation (3G) and became highly popular in the fourth-generation (4G). To increase the data rate along with low latency and mass connectivity the fifth-generation (5G) networks are being installed from 2020. However, the 5G technology will not be able to fulfill the data demand at the end of this decade. Therefore, it is expected that 6G communication networks will rise, providing better services through… More >

Md Abdus Samad^1,2, Dong-You Choi^1,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.71, No.2, pp. 3127-3143, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.023086 - 07 December 2021

Abstract In present-day society, train tunnels are extensively used as a means of transportation. Therefore, to ensure safety, streamlined train operations, and uninterrupted internet access inside train tunnels, reliable wave propagation modeling is required. We have experimented and measured wave propagation models in a 1674 m long straight train tunnel in South Korea. The measured path loss and the received signal strength were modeled with the Close-In (CI), Floating intercept (FI), CI model with a frequency-weighted path loss exponent (CIF), and alpha-beta-gamma (ABG) models, where the model parameters were determined using minimum mean square error (MMSE)… More >

A. Arokiaraj Jovith¹, Mahantesh Mathapati², M. Sundarrajan³, N. Gnanasankaran⁴, Seifedine Kadry⁵, Maytham N. Meqdad⁶, Shabnam Mohamed Aslam^7,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.71, No.2, pp. 3375-3392, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.022668 - 07 December 2021

Abstract In recent times, Internet of Things (IoT) has become a hot research topic and it aims at interlinking several sensor-enabled devices mainly for data gathering and tracking applications. Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an important component in IoT paradigm since its inception and has become the most preferred platform to deploy several smart city application areas like home automation, smart buildings, intelligent transportation, disaster management, and other such IoT-based applications. Clustering methods are widely-employed energy efficient techniques with a primary purpose i.e., to balance the energy among sensor nodes. Clustering and routing processes are considered… More >

Mohammed H. Alsharif¹, Raju Kannadasan², Amir Y. Hassan³, Wael Z. Tawfik⁴, Mun-Kyeom Kim^5,*, Muhammad Asghar Khan⁶, Ahmad A. A. Solyman⁷

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.71, No.2, pp. 3243-3255, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.022348 - 07 December 2021

Abstract Cellular mobile technology has witnessed tremendous growth in recent times. One of the challenges facing the operators to extend the coverage of the networks to meet the rising demand for cellular mobile services is the power sources used to supply cellular towers with energy, especially in remote. Thus, switch from the conventional sources of energy to a greener and sustainable power model became a target of the academic and industrial sectors in many fields; one of these important fields is the telecommunication sector. Accordingly, this study aims to find the optimum sizing and techno-economic investigation… More >

R. Thenmozhi¹, Abdul Wahid Nasir², Vijaya Krishna Sonthi³, T. Avudaiappan⁴, Seifedine Kadry⁵, Kuntha Pin⁶, Yunyoung Nam^7,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.71, No.1, pp. 2037-2051, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.022203 - 03 November 2021

Abstract Wireless sensor networks (WSN) comprise a set of numerous cheap sensors placed in the target region. A primary function of the WSN is to avail the location details of the event occurrences or the node. A major challenge in WSN is node localization which plays an important role in data gathering applications. Since GPS is expensive and inaccurate in indoor regions, effective node localization techniques are needed. The major intention of localization is for determining the place of node in short period with minimum computation. To achieve this, bio-inspired algorithms are used and node localization… More >

Imran Khan¹, Fahd N. Al-Wesabi², Marwa Obayya³, Anwer Mustafa Hilal⁴, Manar Ahmed Hamza⁴, Mohammed Rizwanullah⁴, Fahad Ahmed Al-Zahrani⁵, Hirofumi Amano⁶, Samih M. Mostafa^7,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.71, No.1, pp. 697-715, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.021847 - 03 November 2021

Abstract With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, the spectrum resources are increasingly strained which needs optimal solutions. Cognitive radio (CR) is one of the key technologies to solve this problem. Spectrum sensing not only includes the precise detection of the communication signal of the primary user (PU), but also the precise identification of its modulation type, which can then determine the a priori information such as the PU’ service category, so as to use this information to make the cognitive user (CU) aware to discover and use the idle spectrum more effectively, and improve the… More >

Najib Ahmed Mohammed¹, Ali Mohammed Mansoor^1,*, Rodina Binti Ahmad¹, Saaidal Razalli Bin Azzuhri²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.71, No.1, pp. 573-592, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.020462 - 03 November 2021

Abstract Mission critical Machine-type Communication (mcMTC), also referred to as Ultra-reliable Low Latency Communication (URLLC), has become a research hotspot. It is primarily characterized by communication that provides ultra-high reliability and very low latency to concurrently transmit short commands to a massive number of connected devices. While the reduction in physical (PHY) layer overhead and improvement in channel coding techniques are pivotal in reducing latency and improving reliability, the current wireless standards dedicated to support mcMTC rely heavily on adopting the bottom layers of general-purpose wireless standards and customizing only the upper layers. The mcMTC has… More >

Omar A. Saraereh^*, Ashraf Ali

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.70, No.3, pp. 5383-5397, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.021724 - 11 October 2021

Abstract With the rapid growth in the number of mobile devices and user connectivity, the demand for higher system capacity and improved quality-of-service is required. As the demand for high-speed wireless communication grows, numerous modulation techniques in the frequency, temporal, and spatial domains, such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), time division multiple access (TDMA), space division multiple access (SDMA), and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO), are being developed. Along with those approaches, electromagnetic waves’ orbital angular momentum (OAM) is attracting attention because it has the potential to boost the wireless communication capacity. Antenna electromagnetic radiation can be… More >

Abdul Kadir Hamid¹, Fahd N. Al-Wesabi^2,3,*, Nadhem Nemri⁴, Ammar Zahary³, Imran Khan⁵

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.70, No.2, pp. 2923-2936, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.020309 - 27 September 2021

Abstract With the emergence of 5G mobile multimedia services, end users’ demand for high-speed, low-latency mobile communication network access is increasing. Among them, the device-to-device (D2D) communication is one of the considerable technology. In D2D communication, the data does not need to be relayed and forwarded by the base station, but under the control of the base station, a direct local link is allowed between two adjacent mobile devices. This flexible communication mode reduces the processing bottlenecks and coverage blind spots of the base station, and can be widely used in dense user communication scenarios such… More >

Abdul Kadir Hamid¹, Lamia Osman Widaa², Fahd N. Al-Wesabi^3,*, Imran Khan⁴, Anwer Mustafa Hilal⁵, Manar Ahmed Hamza⁵, Abu Sarwar Zaman⁵, Mohammed Rizwanullah⁵

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.70, No.2, pp. 3751-3762, 2022, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2022.020136 - 27 September 2021

Abstract The emergence of multimedia services has meant a substantial increase in the number of devices in mobile networks and driving the demand for higher data transmission rates. The result is that, cellular networks must technically evolve to support such higher rates, to be equipped with greater capacity, and to increase the spectral and energy efficiency. Compared with 4G technology, the 5G networks are being designed to transmit up to 100 times more data volume with devices whose battery life is 10 times longer. Therefore, this new generation of networks has adopted a heterogeneous and ultra-dense… More >