Open Access

ARTICLE

Determination and assessing the role of serum calcium, vitamin D, ferritin, and uric acid levels on prostate cancer risk

Abdulbari Bener^1,2,*, Ünsal Veli Üstündağ³, Emir Barışık⁴, Cem Cahit Barışık⁵

1 Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, İstanbul, 34810, Turkey
2 Department of Evidence for Population Health Unit, School of Epidemiology and Health Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
3 Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Istanbul Atlas University, Istanbul, 34405, Turkey
4 Department of Biostatistics & Medical Informatics, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, 34810, Turkey
5 Department of Radiology, Medipol School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, 34810, Turkey

* Corresponding Authors: Abdulbari Bener. Email: , ,

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Prostate Cancer: Biomarkers, Diagnosis and Treatment)

Canadian Journal of Urology 2025, 32(5), 401-409. https://doi.org/10.32604/cju.2025.067184

Received 26 April 2025; Accepted 23 September 2025; Issue published 30 October 2025

Abstract

Objectives: The evidence remains insufficient and controversial for evaluating modifiable parameters—such as vitamin D, calcium, ferritin, and uric acid—as preclinical biomarkers to contribute to the prevention and early diagnosis of prostate cancer, a disease with a prevalence of up to 10%–20% in men over 50 and strongly associated with environmental factors including diet (high in fat and red meat), obesity, physical inactivity, and carcinogen exposure. This study aims to investigate the potential biomarker role of vitamin D, calcium, ferritin, and uric acids in reducing the risk of prostate cancer (PCa). Methods: The case-control design was employed, involving 496 PCa cases and 496 controls aged 35 and above. Data collection included sociodemographic details, radiological findings, clinical history, and biochemical markers. Results: Advanced age, cigarette and hookah use, alcohol consumption, processed food intake, chemical exposure, obesity, poor dietary habits, stress, and reduced sleep duration were more prevalent in the PCa group (p < 0.05). Symptoms such as hematuria, anemia, infections, and fatigue were significantly increased (p < 0.001). Hypocalcemia (p < 0.001), vitamin D deficiency (p < 0.001), elevated uric acid levels (p < 0.001), increased ferritin (p = 0.005), and elevated systolic blood pressure (p = 0.004) were identified as key risk factors. Conclusion: The current study suggests that vitamin D, calcium, ferritin, and uric acids may serve as promising biomarkers for the detection of PCa. The rising incidence of PCa could be attributed to lifestyle, environmental, and hereditary factors, nutrition, alcohol consumption, hookah use, and cigarette smoking.

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Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material File

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