Open Access

ARTICLE

Adaptive Grid-Interface Control for Power Coordination in Multi-Microgrid Energy Networks

Sk. A. Shezan^*

Department of Electrical Engineering, Prince Faisal Centre for Renewable Energy Studies and Application, Northern Border University, Arar, 73213, Saudi Arabia

* Corresponding Author: Sk. A. Shezan. Email:

(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Integration of Renewable Energies with the Grid: An Integrated Study of Solar, Wind, Storage, Electric Vehicles, PV and Wind Materials and AI-Driven Technologies)

Energy Engineering 2026, 123(1), . https://doi.org/10.32604/ee.2025.073418

Received 17 September 2025; Accepted 17 November 2025; Issue published 27 December 2025

Abstract

Modern power systems increasingly depend on interconnected microgrids to enhance reliability and renewable energy utilization. However, the high penetration of intermittent renewable sources often causes frequency deviations, voltage fluctuations, and poor reactive power coordination, posing serious challenges to grid stability. Conventional Interconnection Flow Controllers (IFCs) primarily regulate active power flow and fail to effectively handle dynamic frequency variations or reactive power sharing in multi-microgrid networks. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes an enhanced Interconnection Flow Controller (e-IFC) that integrates frequency response balancing and an Interconnection Reactive Power Flow Controller (IRFC) within a unified adaptive control structure. The proposed e-IFC is implemented and analyzed in DIgSILENT PowerFactory to evaluate its performance under various grid disturbances, including frequency drops, load changes, and reactive power fluctuations. Simulation results reveal that the e-IFC achieves 27.4% higher active power sharing accuracy, 19.6% lower reactive power deviation, and 18.2% improved frequency stability compared to the conventional IFC. The adaptive controller ensures seamless transitions between grid-connected and islanded modes and maintains stable operation even under communication delays and data noise. Overall, the proposed e-IFC significantly enhances active-reactive power coordination and dynamic stability in renewable-integrated multi-microgrid systems. Future research will focus on coupling the e-IFC with tertiary-level optimization frameworks and conducting hardware-in-the-loop validation to enable its application in large-scale smart microgrid environments.

---

Keywords

---