José Arturo Ramírez-Fernández¹, Henevith G. Méndez-Figueroa¹, Sebastián Ossandón^2,*, Ricardo Galván-Martínez³, Miguel Ángel Hernández-Pérez³, Ricardo Orozco-Cruz³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.86, No.3, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.072707 - 12 January 2026

Abstract In this study, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were implemented to determine design parameters for an impressed current cathodic protection (ICCP) prototype. An ASTM A36 steel plate was tested in 3.5% NaCl solution, seawater, and NS4 using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to monitor the evolution of the substrate surface, which affects the current required to reach the protection potential (Eprot). Experimental data were collected as training datasets and analyzed using statistical methods, including box plots and correlation matrices. Subsequently, ANNs were applied to predict the current demand at different exposure times, enabling the estimation of electrochemical More >

Sk. A. Shezan^*

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073418 - 27 December 2025

Abstract Modern power systems increasingly depend on interconnected microgrids to enhance reliability and renewable energy utilization. However, the high penetration of intermittent renewable sources often causes frequency deviations, voltage fluctuations, and poor reactive power coordination, posing serious challenges to grid stability. Conventional Interconnection Flow Controllers (IFCs) primarily regulate active power flow and fail to effectively handle dynamic frequency variations or reactive power sharing in multi-microgrid networks. To overcome these limitations, this study proposes an enhanced Interconnection Flow Controller (e-IFC) that integrates frequency response balancing and an Interconnection Reactive Power Flow Controller (IRFC) within a unified adaptive… More >

K. Naga Venkata Siva¹, Damodhar Reddy², P. Krishna Murthy³, Kiran Kumar Pulamolu⁴, M. Dharani⁵, T. Venkatakrishnamoorthy^6,*

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.072982 - 27 December 2025

Abstract Conventional multilevel inverters often suffer from high harmonic distortion and increased design complexity due to the need for numerous power semiconductor components, particularly at elevated voltage levels. Addressing these shortcomings, this work presents a robust 15-level Packed U Cell (PUC) inverter topology designed for renewable energy and grid-connected applications. The proposed system integrates a sensor less proportional-resonant (PR) controller with an advanced carrier-based pulse width modulation scheme. This approach efficiently balances capacitor voltage, minimizes steady-state error, and strongly suppresses both zero and third-order harmonics resulting in reduced total harmonic distortion and enhanced voltage regulation. Additionally, More >

Mohammad Soleimani Amiri¹, Sahbi Boubaker^2,3,*, Rizauddin Ramli^4,*, Souad Kamel²

CMES-Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, Vol.144, No.3, pp. 3113-3133, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmes.2025.069167 - 30 September 2025

Abstract Disability is defined as a condition that makes it difficult for a person to perform certain vital activities. In recent years, the integration of the concepts of intelligence in solving various problems for disabled persons has become more frequent. However, controlling an exoskeleton for rehabilitation presents challenges due to their non-linear characteristics and external disturbances caused by the structure itself or the patient wearing the exoskeleton. To remedy these problems, this paper presents a novel adaptive control strategy for upper-limb rehabilitation exoskeletons, addressing the challenges of nonlinear dynamics and external disturbances. The proposed controller integrated… More >

Geetanjali Dei^1,2, Deepak Kumar Gupta¹, Binod Kumar Sahu², Amitkumar V. Jha³, Bhargav Appasani^3,*, Nicu Bizon^4,5,*

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.8, pp. 3399-3431, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.067357 - 24 July 2025

Abstract This paper presents an innovative and effective control strategy tailored for a deregulated, diversified energy system involving multiple interconnected area. Each area integrates a unique mix of power generation technologies: Area 1 combines thermal, hydro, and distributed generation; Area 2 utilizes a blend of thermal units, distributed solar technologies (DST), and hydro power; and Third control area hosts geothermal power station alongside thermal power generation unit and hydropower units. The suggested control system employs a multi-layered approach, featuring a blended methodology utilizing the Tilted Integral Derivative controller (TID) and the Fractional-Order Integral method to enhance… More >

Abdullah M. Alnajim^1,*, Faisal Mohammed Alotaibi^2,#, Sheroz Khan^3,#

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.83, No.3, pp. 4515-4535, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2025.063139 - 19 May 2025

Abstract Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are common network attacks that primarily target Internet of Things (IoT) devices. They are critical for emerging wireless services, especially for applications with limited latency. DDoS attacks pose significant risks to entrepreneurial businesses, preventing legitimate customers from accessing their websites. These attacks require intelligent analytics before processing service requests. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks exploit vulnerabilities in IoT devices by launching multi-point distributed attacks. These attacks generate massive traffic that overwhelms the victim’s network, disrupting normal operations. The consequences of distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks are typically… More >

Arpita Johri^1,2,*, Varnita Verma³, Mainak Basu^1,*

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.5, pp. 1887-1918, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.062355 - 25 April 2025

Abstract The globe faces an urgent need to close the energy demand-supply gap. Addressing this difficulty requires constructing a Hybrid Renewable Energy System (HRES), which has proven to be the most appropriate solution. HRES allows for integrating two or more renewable energy resources, successfully addressing the issue of intermittent availability of non-conventional energy resources. Optimization is critical for improving the HRES’s performance parameters during implementation. This study focuses on HRES using solar and biomass as renewable energy supplies and appropriate energy storage technologies. However, energy fluctuations present a problem with the power quality of HRES. To… More > Graphic Abstract

Hariharan Ramachandran^1,*, Richard Smith², Kenny Awuson David^1,*, Tawfik Al-Hadhrami³, Parag Acharya¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.82, No.2, pp. 3619-3641, 2025, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.054802 - 17 February 2025

Abstract This paper introduces the Integrated Security Embedded Resilience Architecture (ISERA) as an advanced resilience mechanism for Industrial Control Systems (ICS) and Operational Technology (OT) environments. The ISERA framework integrates security by design principles, micro-segmentation, and Island Mode Operation (IMO) to enhance cyber resilience and ensure continuous, secure operations. The methodology deploys a Forward-Thinking Architecture Strategy (FTAS) algorithm, which utilises an industrial Intrusion Detection System (IDS) implemented with Python’s Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) library. The FTAS algorithm successfully identified and responded to cyber-attacks, ensuring minimal system disruption. ISERA has been validated through comprehensive testing scenarios… More >

Abdulrahman M. Abdulghani^1,*, Azizol Abdullah¹, A. R. Rahiman¹, Nor Asilah Wati Abdul Hamid^1,2, Bilal Omar Akram^3,4, Hafsa Raissouli¹

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.49, pp. 123-157, 2025, DOI:10.32604/csse.2024.058314 - 03 January 2025

Abstract This review article provides a comprehensive analysis of the latest advancements and persistent challenges in Software-Defined Wide Area Networks (SD-WANs), with a particular emphasis on the multi-objective Controller Placement Problem (CPP). As SD-WAN technology continues to gain prominence for its capacity to offer flexible and efficient network management, the task of 36optimally placing controllers—responsible for orchestrating and managing network traffic—remains a critical yet complex challenge. This review delves into recent innovations in multi-objective controller placement strategies, including clustering techniques, heuristic-based approaches, and the integration of machine learning and deep learning models. Each methodology is critically More >

Jehad Ali^1,*, Mohammed J. F. Alenazi²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.81, No.3, pp. 4015-4032, 2024, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2024.058480 - 19 December 2024

Abstract The controller is a main component in the Software-Defined Networking (SDN) framework, which plays a significant role in enabling programmability and orchestration for 5G and next-generation networks. In SDN, frequent communication occurs between network switches and the controller, which manages and directs traffic flows. If the controller is not strategically placed within the network, this communication can experience increased delays, negatively affecting network performance. Specifically, an improperly placed controller can lead to higher end-to-end (E2E) delay, as switches must traverse more hops or encounter greater propagation delays when communicating with the controller. This paper introduces… More >