Dong Liu¹, Runze Zhang¹, Anjie Hu¹, Na Liu¹, Liu Tang^2,3,*, Xiaozhou Wu⁴, Jun Wang^2,5

FDMP-Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing, Vol.21, No.10, pp. 2579-2612, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fdmp.2025.070407 - 30 October 2025

Abstract This study compares two end-cooling systems, convective–radiant combined cooling (FR+FC) and fan coil convection (FC), through continuous experimental investigations, focusing on the impact of window-to-wall ratio (WWR) on indoor thermal comfort, temperature distribution, humidity, and energy consumption. Results show that increasing WWR amplifies indoor temperature fluctuations. While the overall predicted mean vote (PMV) remains within the Level-II comfort range (−1.0 to +1.0), the FC system exhibits pronounced local PMV gradients near west-facing windows, especially at 80% WWR, where transient PMV reaches 1.26 close to the window, 0.89 higher than at the room center. In contrast, More >

Federico Sacchelli¹, Luca Cattani^1,2, Matteo Malavasi¹, Fabio Bozzoli^1,2,*, Corrado Sciancalepore¹

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.5, pp. 1351-1364, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.064154 - 31 October 2025

Abstract This study investigates the feasibility of a novel dual two-phase cooling system for thermal management in lithium-ion batteries used in electric vehicles (EVs). The proposed system aims to combine low-boiling dielectric fluid immersion cooling and pulsating heat pipes (PHPs), in order to leverage the advantages of both technologies for efficient heat dissipation in a completely passive configuration. Experimental evaluations conducted under different discharge conditions demonstrate that the system effectively maintains battery temperatures within the optimal range of 20–40°C, with enhanced temperature uniformity and stability. While the PHP exhibited minimal impact at low power, its role More >

Prasongsuk Songsree^*, Chaiyapon Thongchaisuratkrul^*

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.11, pp. 4541-4559, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.068448 - 27 October 2025

Abstract The purpose of this research is to design and develop a demonstration Set of a water cooling system using a Peltier with solar energy and technology, and IoT (Internet of Things), and test and measure the performance of the Peltier Plate Water Cooling System Demonstration Set under different environmental conditions. To be used as a model for clean energy systems and experimental learning materials. The prototype system consists of a 100-W solar panel, a 12 V 20 Ah battery, a Peltier plate, a DS18B20 sensor, and a NodeMCU microcontroller. The system performance is determined by… More >

Li Ling^*, Danhao Song, Qianlong Hu, Zihao Xiang, Zeyu Zhang

Energy Engineering, Vol.122, No.8, pp. 3309-3328, 2025, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.065824 - 24 July 2025

Abstract Rack-level loop thermosyphons have been widely adopted as a solution to data centers’ growing energy demands. While numerous studies have highlighted the heat transfer performance and energy-saving benefits of this system, its economic feasibility, water usage effectiveness (WUE), and carbon usage effectiveness (CUE) remain underexplored. This study introduces a comprehensive evaluation index designed to assess the applicability of the rack-level loop thermosyphon system across various computing hub nodes. The air wet bulb temperature T_a,w was identified as the most significant factor influencing the variability in the combination of PUE, CUE, and WUE values. The results indicate… More >

Yiming Rongyang¹, Zhenyue Yu¹, Ruisheng Liang^2,*, Wei Su¹, Jianjian Wei^2,3

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.1, pp. 279-298, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.059637 - 26 February 2025

Abstract Data center cooling systems are substantial energy consumers, and managing the heat generated by electronic devices is becoming more complex as chip power levels continue to rise. The single-phase immersion cooling (SPIC) server with oil coolant is numerically investigated using the validated Re-Normalization Group (RNG) k-ε model. For the investigated scenarios where coolant velocity at the tank inlet is 0.004 m/s and the total power is 740 W, the heat transfer between the heat sinks and the coolant is dominated by natural convection, although forced convection mediates the overall heat transfer inside the tank. The maximum… More >

Karam H. Mohammed¹, Ashraf E. Al-Mirani¹, Bashar Mahmood Ali², Omar Rafae Alomar^1,*

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.22, No.3, pp. 839-854, 2024, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2024.052671 - 11 July 2024

Abstract This work involves an experimental study on the performance of automobile air-conditioning systems by adding Al₂O₃ nanoparticles to oil compressors to investigate their impacts on the enhancement of the speed cooling of refrigeration systems and to compare it with the system operated using only oil. The Al₂O₃ nanoparticles have been added to the oil compressor for different ranges of mass concentration (Ø = 0.1%, Ø = 0.15% and Ø = 0.2%). The stability of Al₂O₃ nanoparticles has been tested by direct observation for different time periods. The results indicated that the air conditioning system that operated by More >

Hongyu Mu^1,2,*, Yinyan Wang¹, Chuanlei Yang¹, Hong Teng², Xingtian Zhao², Hongquan Lu², Dechun Wang², Shiyang Hao², Xiaolong Zhang², Yan Jin²

Energy Engineering, Vol.120, No.10, pp. 2325-2342, 2023, DOI:10.32604/ee.2023.029360 - 28 September 2023

Abstract New energy vehicles have better clean and environmental protection characteristics than traditional fuel vehicles. The new energy engine cooling technology is critical in the design of new energy vehicles. This paper used one-and three-way joint simulation methods to simulate the refrigeration system of new energy vehicles. Firstly, a k-ε turbulent flow model for the cooling pump flow field is established based on the principle of computational fluid dynamics. Then, the CFD commercial fluid analysis software FLUENT is used to simulate the flow field of the cooling pump under different inlet flow conditions. This paper proposes More > Graphic Abstract

Ummid I. Shaikh^a , Sonali Kale^b, Anirban Sur^c, Anindita Roy^c

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.20, pp. 1-10, 2023, DOI:10.5098/hmt.20.28

Abstract The requirement for sustainable development for buildings is to have environmentally friendly cooling and heating systems. The utilization of phase change materials (PCM) in the cooling system is a potential solution for minimizing active power requirements as well as for reducing the size of components of a vapor compression refrigeration VCR system. A prototype of an Air-PCM (T25™) heat exchanger was fabricated and tested in actual environmental conditions. Experimental trials using a salt hydrate as PCM have shown the maximum cooling effect of 2.05 kW when 75% of the PCM was solidified. Based on the More >

Yu.E. Nikolaenko^a , D.V. Pekur^b,*, V.Yu. Кravets^a, V.M. Sorokin^b, D.V. Kozaka , R.S. Melnyk^a, L.V. Lipnitskyi^a, A.S. Solomakha^a

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.18, pp. 1-13, 2022, DOI:10.5098/hmt.18.23

Abstract This study compares thermal characteristics of two design versions of a new low-cost air-cooling system with a standard heat sink profile and built-in flat heat pipes of a simple design with a similar cooling system design without the heat pipes. The aim of the work is to determining the thermal characteristics and choosing the most effective option in a practical context. Using computer simulation in the Solidworks Flow Simulation standard software package allowed determining how the temperature of 8 transistors with a total power of 224 W was affected by changes in air velocity from… More >

Mingxin Li, Benzhi Hou, Yihua Zheng^*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.11, pp. 3079-3091, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.020167 - 29 June 2022

Abstract This work proposes a novel heating and cooling system, with incorporated thermoelectric module, that can achieve energy balance using a self-water supply heat exchange subsystem. The thermoelectric effect is used to achieve controlled and adjustable heating of the circulating water. Simulations were conducted to study the thermal performance of the system while it simultaneously produces hot and cold water, with different working conditions for the hot-and cold-side water outlets. The results show that the water temperature at the hot side outlet increases from 32°C to 75°C when the power increases from 4.5 to 50 W. More >