Zhiguang Yang^1,*, Gaojun Yan^1,2, Xueping Liu¹, Zhengyuan Feng¹, Xinfeng Zhu¹, Yanli Mao¹, Songtao Chen¹, Zhisheng Yu², Ruimei Fan³, Linlin Shan^3,*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.12, pp. 3573-3585, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.022031

Abstract Adsorption can be used to recover effectively the volatile organic gases (VOCs) in the exhaust gas from factories through using an appropriate adsorption bed. Due to form a physical or chemical bond, adsorption occurs between the porous solid medium and the liquid or gas multi-component fluid mixture. The regeneration capacity of the adsorbent is as important as the adsorption capacity and it determines the economics of the adsorption system. The regeneration of adsorbent can be realized through changing the pressure or temperature of the system. Here, activated carbon samples from coconut shell were prepared and characterized. Benzene or formaldehyde in… More > Graphic Abstract

Bowen Liu¹, Yunxia Zhou¹, Hisham Essawy², Shang Feng¹, Xuehui Li¹, Jingjing Liao¹, Xiaojian Zhou^1,3,*, Jun Zhang^1,*, Sida Xie¹

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.11, pp. 3009-3024, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.019848

Abstract This study presents easily prepared free formaldehyde bio-based foam based on a prepared thermosetting resin comprising tannin–lignin–furfuryl alcohol-glyoxal (TLFG) via mechanical stirring in presence of ether as a foaming agent. The foam was developed through a co-polycondensation reaction of glyoxal and furfuryl alcohol with condensed tannin and lignin, which is a forest-derived product. Investigation using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed more closed-cell structure without cracks and collapse in the TLFG foam, with a higher apparent density with respect to tannin–furanic–formaldehyde (TFF) foam. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic thermomechanical analysis (DTMA), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) investigations revealed that the curing process… More >

Juliana Abdul Halip^1,2, Syeed SaifulAzry Osman Al-Edrus^1,*, Seng Hua Lee^1,*, Paridah Md Tahir¹, Nor Yuziah Mohd Yunus³, Mohd Sapuan Salit¹, Ahmad Ilyas Rushdan^4,5

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.7, pp. 1951-1960, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.016025

Abstract The depletion of log resources encourages research into alternative ways to sustain the wood supply. Therefore, the 4-year-old Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (RRIM) clones series, RRIM 2020 and RRIM 2025, were chosen as potential raw materials for particleboard in this study. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of planting density and rubber tree clones on the mechanical and physical properties of single-layer particleboard. The planting densities used were low, moderate-low, moderate-high, and high, representing 500, 1000, 1500, and 2000 trees/ha, respectively. Prior to manufacturing, the RRIM 2000 series clone trees were harvested, cut, chipped, flaked,… More >

Hamed Younesi-Kordkheili^1,*, Antonio Pizzi²

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.2, pp. 237-246, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2022.017851

Abstract The aim of this research was to investigate the effect of ionic liquid treated lignin-based polyacid as a catalyst for urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins. Esterification of lignin was carried out, without any catalyst, with anhydride maleic and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulfate [Bmim][HSO₄] as acidic ionic liquid to form maleated lignin-based polyacids (MA-IL). The performance of MA-IL as UF resin catalyst was respectively compared to hyroxymethylated lignin-based polyacid (MA-HL) and to NH₄Cl. The FTIR analysis indicated that the proportion of -COOH and C-O bonds increased due to the esterification of lignin with ionic liquid rather than its hyroxymethylation. Physicochemical tests indicated that the… More >

Yuhao Jiang, Jialan Yao, Chengfei Zhu^*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.10, No.1, pp. 135-148, 2022, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.016304

Abstract Poly(urea-formaldehyde) (PUF) microcapsules were prepared by in-situ polymerization with four different processes in this paper. The chemical composition, surface morphology, particle size distribution, and thermal stability were characterized by FTIR, SEM, particle size analyzer, and TGA, respectively. The results demonstrated that the agglomeration of the PUF microcapsules was related to the agglomeration of the emulsion particles caused by the changes of emulsion interface during the shell polymerization. Due to the slow deposition of the shell material, the PUF microcapsules with the core-shell structure prepared by the process with ammonium chloride as the last additive showed good dispersibility with an average… More > Graphic Abstract

Zhigang Wu^1,#, Sicheng Chen^1,#, Jiankun Liang², Lifen Li¹, Xuedong Xi^3,4, Xue Deng¹, Bengang Zhang^3,*, Hong Lei^4,*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.11, pp. 1959-1972, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.016786

Abstract Alkali lignin was processed by plasma and then used in modification of phenol formaldehyde resin in this study. Chemical structural changes of lignin which was processed by plasma as well as bonding strength, tensile property, curing performance and thermal property of the prepared phenol formaldehyde resin which was modified by the plasma processed lignin were analyzed. Results demonstrated that: (1) Alkali lignin was degraded after the plasma processing. The original groups were destroyed, and the aromatic rings collected abundant free radicals and oxygen-containing functional groups like hydroxyls, carbonyls, carboxyls and acyls were introduced into increase the reaction activity of lignin… More > Graphic Abstract

Tetti Novalina Manik^1,2,*, Sulung Apria Nuki², Nur Aini Fauziyah¹, Mashuri¹, Mochamad Zainuri¹, Darminto^1,*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.9, pp. 1647-1660, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.016089

Abstract The performance of oil palm trunk wastes from Banjarbaru of South Kalimantan was improved with the help of chemical modification in a two-step treatment. The first was formalization with formaldehyde solution with varying pH, and the second was impregnation with melamine-formaldehyde resin under 5 bar pressure for an hour. In these processes, the samples were cured at 120°C for 10 min and then dried in an oven at (103 ± 2)°C in order to attain a moisture content of less than 6%. These treatments improved the physical properties (density, moisture content, and volume swelling), mechanical resistance, dynamic-mechanical and acoustic performance… More > Graphic Abstract

Yan Song^1,2, Zhixin Wang³, Xin Zhang⁴, Rong Zhang¹, Jinchun Li^1,2,*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.9, No.5, pp. 943-957, 2021, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2021.014131

Abstract Lignin is a natural biopolymer with a complex three-dimensional network, commercially obtained from waste liquid of paper pulp and bioethanol production, and could be a candidate for preparation of environment-friendly bio-based polyphenol material. In the present work, the demethylated wheat straw alkali lignin (D-Lig), prepared by demethylation of wheat straw alkali lignin (Lig) using an in-situ generated Lewis acid, was used to synthesize bio-based phenol formaldehyde resin adhesive (D-LPF) applied in plywood. Effects of synthetic process’s factors, including lignin substitution for phenol, NaOH concentration and molar ratio of formaldehyde to phenol, on the bonding strength and free formaldehyde content of… More >

Marion Thébault¹, Ya Li¹, Christopher Beuc¹, Stephan Frömel-Frybort^1,2, Edith-Martha Zikulnig-Rusch¹, Larysa Kutuzova³, Andreas Kandelbauer^3,*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.8, No.10, pp. 1181-1198, 2020, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2020.09755

Abstract High Pressure Laminates (HPL) panels consist of stacks of self-gluing paper sheets soaked with phenol-formaldehyde (PF) resins. An important requirement for such PFs is that they must rapidly penetrate and saturate the paper pores. Partially substituting phenol with bio-based phenolic chemicals like lignin changes the physico-chemical properties of the resin and affects its ability to penetrate the paper. In this study, PF formulations containing different proportions of lignosulfonate and kraft lignin were used to prepare paper-based laminates. The penetration of a Kraft paper sheet was characterized by a recently introduced, new device measuring the conductivity between both sides of the… More >

Xuedong Xi, Antonio Pizzi^*

Journal of Renewable Materials, Vol.8, No.7, pp. 715-725, 2020, DOI:10.32604/jrm.2020.010882

Abstract A three reagents adhesive system for wood particleboards not containing any aldehyde was developed by the reaction of glucose or sucrose with triacetin (glycerin triacetate) and with hexamethylene diamine. The system was found to be based on the mix of three reactions, namely the reaction of (i) glucose with triacetin, (ii) of the diamine with triacetin, and (iii) of glucose with the diamine. The chemical species formed were identified by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry. Wood particleboard panels were prepared with this adhesive system and gave good internal bond (IB) strength results suitable for… More >