SeaYoung Park¹, Jong-Yong Lee², Daesung Lee^3,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.3, pp. 4019-4037, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.014353

Abstract Replacing or recharging batteries in the sensor nodes of a wireless sensor network (WSN) is a significant challenge. Therefore, efficient power utilization by sensors is a critical requirement, and it is closely related to the life span of the network. Once a sensor node consumes all its energy, it will no longer function properly. Therefore, various protocols have been proposed to minimize the energy consumption of sensors and thus prolong the network operation. Recently, clustering algorithms combined with artificial intelligence have been proposed for this purpose. In particular, various protocols employ the K-means clustering algorithm, which is a machine learning… More >

Shahzad Hameed¹, Qurratul-Ain Minhas¹, Sheeraz Ahmed², Shabana Habib⁴, Mohammad Kamrul Hasan³, Muhammad Islam⁵, Sheroz Khan^5,*

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.67, No.2, pp. 2527-2546, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.013896

Abstract Flying ad hoc networks (FANETs) present a challenging environment due to the dynamic and highly mobile nature of the network. Dynamic network topology and uncertain node mobility structure of FANETs do not aim to consider only one path transmission. Several different techniques are adopted to address the issues arising in FANETs, from game theory to clustering to channel estimation and other statistical schemes. These approaches mostly employ traditional concepts for problem solutions. One of the novel approaches that provide simpler solutions to more complex problems is to use biologically inspired schemes. Several Nature-inspired schemes address cooperation and alliance which can… More >

S. Praveen Kumar^1,*, S. Appavu alias Balamurugan², S. Kannan³

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.27, No.2, pp. 333-346, 2021, DOI:10.32604/iasc.2021.013310

Abstract The establishment of multi-channel routing systems in WSNs has shown the reliability of the transmission across several channels. Meeting the service quality needs of all the applications is still a challenging task. Various surveys carried out, have suggested for the development of user-oriented Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) architectures. Throughout WSNs, the Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and the Adhoc On Demand Vector (AODV) are the multi-way routing systems that exhibit the reliability of the multipath delivery to fulfill the customer service quality requirements. The topology is modified only on requests, by selecting the best route based on the route weights… More >

Khairol Amali bin Ahmad¹, Mohammad Nazmul Hasan², Md. Sharif Hossen^2,*, Khaleel Ahmad³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.66, No.3, pp. 3075-3087, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2021.014436

Abstract Pocket Switched Networks (PSN) represent a particular remittent network for direct communication between the handheld mobile devices. Compared to traditional networks, there is no stable topology structure for PSN where the nodes observe the mobility model of human society. It is a kind of Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) that gives a description to circulate information among the network nodes by the way of taking the benefit of transferring nodes from one area to another. Considering its inception, there are several schemes for message routing in the infrastructure-less environment in which human mobility is only the best manner to exchange information.… More >

Ru Jin^*, Xinlian Zhou, Yue Wang

Journal of Information Hiding and Privacy Protection, Vol.2, No.3, pp. 115-123, 2020, DOI:10.32604/jihpp.2020.010180

Abstract In a wireless sensor network [1], the operation of a node depends on the battery power it carries. Because of the environmental reasons, the node cannot replace the battery. In order to improve the life cycle of the network, energy becomes one of the key problems in the design of the wireless sensor network (WSN) routing protocol [2]. This paper proposes a routing protocol ERGD based on the method of gradient descent that can minimizes the consumption of energy. Within the communication radius of the current node, the distance between the current node and the next hop node is assumed… More >

Mohammed Kaddi^1,*, Abdallah Banana², Mohammed Omari¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.66, No.2, pp. 1497-1510, 2021, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.012116

Abstract Wireless sensor network (WSN) has been widely used due to its vast range of applications. The energy problem is one of the important problems influencing the complete application. Sensor nodes use very small batteries as a power source and replacing them is not an easy task. With this restriction, the sensor nodes must conserve their energy and extend the network lifetime as long as possible. Also, these limits motivate much of the research to suggest solutions in all layers of the protocol stack to save energy. So, energy management efficiency becomes a key requirement in WSN design. The efficiency of… More >

Anar A. Hady^∗

Computer Systems Science and Engineering, Vol.35, No.5, pp. 347-355, 2020, DOI:10.32604/csse.2020.35.347

Abstract In this paper, a Duty Cycling Centralized Hierarchical Protocol (DCCHP) has been proposed for wireless sensor networks. DCCHP is an energy efficient protocol that prolongs the lifetime of the network by applying a duty cycling mechanism named DCM that chooses the nodes that send unimportant data in a certain epoch to be candidates to be put to sleep. But if the proposed equations for choosing the cluster head nodes put any of them in a high priority it works in the active mode. When comparing DCCHP to the previously proposed LEACH-CS, LEACH-C protocols, using a simulation study, DCCHP in average… More >

Geetha N., Sankar A.

Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, Vol.24, No.4, pp. 711-719, 2018, DOI:10.1080/10798587.2017.1309003

Abstract The routing protocol for an ad hoc network should be efficient in utilizing the available resources to prolong the network lifetime. A Multi Criterion Fuzzy based Energy Efficient Routing Protocol (MCFEER) for Ad hoc Networks selects the path on constraints like bandwidth, battery life, hop count and buffer occupancy. In the route discovery phase, fuzzy system is applied for optimal route selection by destination node leading to successful data transmission. Multiple stable paths are preserved in route cache for usage during the route maintenance phase. The results are competitive when compared with Power aware Energy Efficient Routing (PEER) protocol using… More >

Wuyungerile Li^{1, *}, Baoyintu¹, Bing Jia¹, Junxiu Wang¹, Takashi Watanabe²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.63, No.1, pp. 353-368, 2020, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2020.06210

Abstract In recent years, with the rapid development of the Internet and wireless communication technology, wireless Ad hoc networks have received more attention. Due to the limited transmission range and energy of nodes in Ad hoc networks, it is important to establish a reliable and energy-balanced transmission path in Ad hoc networks. This paper proposes an energy-based dynamic routing protocol based on the existing AODV routing protocol, which has the following two aspects of improvement: (1) In the route discovery process, a node selects a suitable route from the minimum energy consumption route and the energy-balanced route designed in this paper… More >

Demin Gao^{1, 2, *}, Shuo Zhang¹, Fuquan Zhang¹, Xijian Fan¹, Jinchi Zhang^1,∗

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.59, No.2, pp. 649-667, 2019, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2019.05195

Abstract For rechargeable wireless sensor networks, limited energy storage capacity, dynamic energy supply, low and dynamic duty cycles cause that it is unpractical to maintain a fixed routing path for packets delivery permanently from a source to destination in a distributed scenario. Therefore, before data delivery, a sensor has to update its waking schedule continuously and share them to its neighbors, which lead to high energy expenditure for reestablishing path links frequently and low efficiency of energy utilization for collecting packets. In this work, we propose the maximum data generation rate routing protocol based on data flow controlling technology. For a… More >