Xiaorong Feng^1,2, Ying Gao^1,*, Leyu Shi²

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.88, No.3, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.082481 - 23 July 2026

Abstract Open source software has become a fundamental component of modern software ecosystems, supporting a wide range of critical applications in operating systems, cloud services, embedded systems, and security-sensitive infrastructures. However, the rapid growth of open source projects also brings increasingly serious security challenges. Many widely used C/C++ components still contain hidden vulnerabilities, and attackers are no longer limited to exploiting traditional memory-related bugs such as buffer overflows or use-after-free errors. In recent years, non-memory logic flaws, including improper authentication, incorrect state transitions, flawed boundary checks, and insecure API usage, have become more prevalent and more… More >

Jerome Gacu^1,2,*, Dencel Edrian Cawaling¹, Edel Queen Fiestada¹, Diablell Maybanting¹, Jamica Bensurto¹, John Kevin Falogme¹, Jea Janelle Fontamillas¹, Janellene Edd Gadon¹, Samaica Fernandez¹, Maryjay Sagario³

Revue Internationale de Géomatique, Vol.35, pp. 373-407, 2026, DOI:10.32604/rig.2026.083180 - 18 June 2026

Abstract A landslide is the downslope movement of soil, rock, or debris driven by gravity, often triggered by natural or anthropogenic factors. The Philippines is highly susceptible to landslides due to its steep terrain, frequent typhoons, intense rainfall, and seismic activity, resulting in significant socioeconomic and environmental impacts. Despite increasing landslide occurrences in vulnerable coastal and mountainous municipalities in the Philippines, localized and integrated Geographic Information System (GIS)-based landslide risk assessments incorporating hazard, vulnerability, and exposure components remain limited in small island municipalities such as San Andres, Romblon. This study assesses landslide risk in the Municipality… More >

Zhe Wang¹, Yu Yan², Junqi Tong¹, Yijun Lin¹, Dechun Yin^1,*, Xiaoliang Zhao¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.88, No.2, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.081155 - 15 June 2026

Abstract As software applications grow increasingly large and complex, traditional code vulnerability detection methods struggle with performance and efficiency. Although code visualization-based algorithms have demonstrated effectiveness in capturing sparse features and complex workflows in large-scale source code, their capacity to extract global semantic information and intricate long-range dependencies remains limited. Recent large language model (LLM)-based approaches have shown promising accuracy by leveraging rich contextual information, but their high computational cost often limits practical efficiency. To address these challenges, we propose VulSCP, a new framework that integrates sequential convolution with a parallel attention mechanism. Specifically, VulSCP first… More >

Xiaorong Feng^1,2, Ying Gao^1,*, Pengyi Du², Leyu Shi¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.88, No.2, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.075938 - 15 June 2026

Abstract In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have seen growing application in code understanding and security analysis. However, their performance relies heavily on prompt context quality and engineering design, with unstable vulnerability detection and high false positive rates remaining key bottlenecks to reliable adoption. This paper systematically reviews advances in prompt engineering and context optimization across four core areas and proposes LARA (LLM-Augmented Reachability Analysis), a neural-symbolic framework leveraging code property graphs (CPGs), which uses a static analysis engine to extract source-to-sink data flow paths, integrates systematic prompt engineering to create context-aware prompts, and invokes… More >

Suranto^1,2, Rahmawaty^1,3,*, Isnen Fitri^1,4, Luthfi Hakim^1,3, Abdul Rauf^1,5, Delvian^1,3, Mehmet Cetin⁶, Ilknur Zeren Cetin⁶, Siti Aekbal Salleh^7,*

Revue Internationale de Géomatique, Vol.35, pp. 291-313, 2026, DOI:10.32604/rig.2026.081197 - 05 June 2026

Abstract Urban trees are a critical component of green infrastructure in tropical cities, yet city-scale evidence on tree health in Indonesia remains limited. This study assessed urban tree health in Medan City using the Forest Health Monitoring (FHM) protocol, Tree Level Index (TLI), GIS-based spatial analysis, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) validation to support Eco Forest City planning. A total of 1184 trees, representing a 30% sample from 3947 inventoried trees across six sub-districts, were evaluated based on damage location, type, and severity. Average Nearest Neighbor (ANN) and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) were applied to… More >

Darlington Chigozie Okeke^*

Journal of Cyber Security, Vol.8, pp. 281-317, 2026, DOI:10.32604/jcs.2026.079750 - 29 May 2026

Abstract Phishing has become the most common cybersecurity threat and increasingly exploits human factors rather than technical vulnerabilities. This study examined the relationships between cybersecurity awareness, training frequency, user cyber-hygiene behaviour, organisational culture, risk perception, and self-reported phishing vulnerability and the theoretical basis of this research is the Technology Threat Avoidance Theory (TTAT). A quantitative correlational design was used for data collection and analysis with Pearson correlation in structured questionnaires. The results indicated that the five independent variables have a significant positive relationship with phishing vulnerability. The increased awareness and regular training correlate with greater recognition… More >

Yangjun Zhou¹, Chenying Yi¹, Wei Zhang¹, Juntao Pan^2,*, Ke Zhou¹, Weixiang Huang¹, Like Gao¹, Shan Li¹, Yuanchao Zhou³, Ling Li², Liwen Qin¹, Hongwen Wu⁴, Lijuan Yan²

Energy Engineering, Vol.123, No.6, 2026, DOI:10.32604/ee.2025.073787 - 27 May 2026

Abstract The increasing integration of distributed generation (DG) and energy storage systems (ESS) has significantly enhanced the flexibility and efficiency of distribution networks. However, the growing frequency of extreme weather events has exposed the vulnerability of distribution lines, posing serious challenges to the reliability and resilience of such systems. Existing DG and ESS planning models often neglect this vulnerability dimension, leading to suboptimal siting decisions and reduced system robustness. To address this issue, this paper proposes a comprehensive multi-objective optimization framework that coordinates the allocation of DG and ESS and explicitly incorporates line vulnerability under extreme… More >

Fahad Algarni^1,2,*, Saeed Ullah Jan³

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.88, No.1, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.077157 - 08 May 2026

Abstract With the increasing connectivity and intelligence of Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices, which interface with numerous aspects of our daily lives, security remains a major concern for IoT devices deployed in e-healthcare systems. The existing solutions demonstrate that authentication of IoT devices across all domains, especially in healthcare, poses significant vulnerabilities, including side-channel, insider, and replay attacks. Alternatively, it is not feasible for resource-constrained IoT devices due to the computational, communicational, and space overheads of modular exponentiation or bilinear pairing, or because it requires four to five round-trips for authentication. The rapid growth of IoT in the… More >

Mohamed Diouf¹, Elisée Toe^1,*, Manel Grichi², Haïfa Nakouri^1,3, Fehmi Jaafar¹

CMC-Computers, Materials & Continua, Vol.87, No.3, 2026, DOI:10.32604/cmc.2026.077139 - 09 April 2026

Abstract Software security bugs present significant security risks to modern systems, leading to unauthorized access, data breaches, and severe operational and financial consequences. Early prediction of such vulnerabilities is therefore essential for strengthening software reliability and reducing remediation costs. This study investigates the extent to which static software quality metrics can identify vulnerable code and evaluates the effectiveness of machine learning models for large-scale security-bug prediction. We analyze a dataset of 338,442 source files, including 33,294 buggy files, collected from seven major open-source ecosystems. These ecosystems include GitHub Security Advisories (GHSA), Python Package Index (PyPI), OSS-Fuzz… More >

Joongbum Moon¹, Ji Hyeon Ahn², Moo-Ho Won^3,*

BIOCELL, Vol.50, No.3, 2026, DOI:10.32604/biocell.2025.072635 - 23 March 2026

Abstract Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury induces region-specific neuronal vulnerability within the hippocampus, with the cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) subfield particularly prone to delayed neuronal death. While intrinsic neuronal factors have been implicated, emerging evidence highlights the decisive contribution of astrocyte endfeet (AEF)—specialized perivascular structures that regulate ion and water homeostasis, glutamate clearance, and blood–brain barrier (BBB) stability. This review synthesizes structural and molecular alterations of AEF across the CA1–CA3 subfields following I/R and their correlation with neuronal fate. In CA1, AEF undergo early-onset swelling and detachment from the vascular basal lamina due to dysfunction of critical proteins… More >