Numerical Investigation of Load Generation in U-Shaped Aqueducts under Lateral Excitation: Part II—Non-Resonant Sloshing

Yang Dou¹, Hao Qin¹, Yuzhi Zhang^1,2, Ning Wang¹, Haiqing Liu^3,4, Wanli Yang^1,2,4,*
1 Department of Bridge Engineering, School of Civil Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 610031, China
2 Aseismic Engineering Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, 610031, China
3 Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Coal Resources Green Mining, Ministry of Education, Urumqi, 830023, China
4 Xinjiang Institute of Engineering, Urumqi, 860023, China
* Corresponding Author: Wanli Yang. Email: email

Fluid Dynamics & Materials Processing https://doi.org/10.32604/fdmp.2025.070082

Received 07 July 2025; Accepted 21 December 2025; Published online 15 December 2025

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Abstract

In recent years, tuned liquid dampers (TLDs) have emerged as a focal point of research due to their remarkable potential for structural vibration mitigation. Yet, progress in this field remains constrained by an incomplete understanding of the fundamental mechanisms governing sloshing-induced loads in liquid-filled containers. Aqueducts present a distinctive case, as the capacity of their contained water to function effectively as a TLD remains uncertain. To address this gap, the present study investigates the generation mechanisms of sloshing loads under non-resonant cases through a two-dimensional (2D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model developed in ANSYS Fluent. The incompressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) equations are solved, while the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method captures the evolution of the air–water interface. Turbulent flow behavior is modeled using the RNG approach. The ensuing results reveal the dynamic characteristics of the horizontal force () and the fluctuating component of the vertical force (). is predominantly governed by the inertia of the deep-water region and its phase varies coherently with the aqueduct’s acceleration. With increasing excitation amplitude () and frequency (), the contribution of deep-water inertia to intensifies markedly, accounting for 82.6–92.1% of the total horizontal load at an excitation amplitude of 0.15 m and frequencies of 1.0–1.6 Hz. The extreme values of arise primarily from asymmetric static pressures induced by free-surface fluctuations, which are further amplified when wall gaps appear at large amplitudes ( cm) and high frequencies ( Hz). Unlike resonant cases dominated by free-surface resonance, non-resonant sloshing loads are principally driven by deep-water inertia and motion-induced surface asymmetry.

Keywords

U-shaped aqueduct; liquid sloshing; euler equations; generation mechanism; free surface fluctuations; fluid-structure interaction

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Numerical Investigation of Load Generation in U-Shaped Aqueducts under Lateral Excitation: Part II—Non-Resonant Sloshing

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