Open Access

ARTICLE

Radiative Features of Darcy Forchheimer Flow of Entropy-Optimized Cross Flow Conveying Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid Past a Stretching Cylinder

M. Faizan¹, Syed Sohaib Zafar², Farhan Ali¹, Umair Khan^3,4, Aurang Zaib⁵, Najiyah Safwa Khashi’ie^6,*
1 Department of Mathematical Sciences, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Sciences & Technology, Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Karachi, Pakistan
2 Department of Mathematical Sciences, Sir Syed University of Engineering and Technology, Karachi, Pakistan
3 Department of Mathematics, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
4 Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Sakarya University, Serdivan, Sakarya, Turkey
5 Department of Mathematics, University of Karachi, Karachi, Pakistan
6 Fakulti Teknologi dan Kejuruteraan Mekanikal, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya, Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
* Corresponding Author: Najiyah Safwa Khashi’ie. Email:
(This article belongs to the Special Issue: Heat and Mass Transfer in Nanofluid Boundary Layers: Modeling, Simulation, and Applications)

Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer https://doi.org/10.32604/fhmt.2026.075018

Received 23 October 2025; Accepted 19 January 2026; Published online 13 February 2026

Abstract

The purpose of the present investigation is to explore the implications of Cross fluid in a Darcy-Forchheimer porous medium due to the tri-hybrid nanofluid past a porous cylinder. Thermal radiation, heat generation, thermal convection, solutal convective and chemical reaction have been encountered in this analysis. Entropy generation has been accounted for under the fluidic friction, heat rate analysis, and porosity analysis. Three different nanoparticles of multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), and silver (Ag) are utilized to illustrate the tri-hybrid nanofluid flow with Ethlene Glycol (EG) as the base fluid. The governance model, consisting of linked inadequate differential conditions, is transformed into an ordinary configuration of nonlinear coupled differential conditions by acceptable adjustments. The obtained outcomes in combination with the bvp4c approach are then used to resolve the generated ODEs. For discussion purposes, the impacts of the physical limitations on temperature profile, velocity, and concentration have also been illustrated. Numerical results have been obtained for the diffusion rate, heat transfer rate, drag force, and other factors. While the Forchheimer parameter and the inclination angle reduce the fluid flow’s velocity, the Biot number of heat and mass transfer influences the fluid’s temperature. According to the findings, hybrid nanofluid is the most effective way to improve heat transmission and may also be utilized for cooling. Three different kinds of nanofluids were used in a comparative examination to clarify the study’s conclusions. Changes in viscosity and porousness caused the nanofluids’ velocity to drop by 13.12% and 15.8%, respectively; however, trihybrid nanofluids with improved convection showed a 13.12% rise.

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Keywords

Stretching cylinder; tri-hybrid nanofluid; thermal radiation; cross fluid; heat source/sink

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