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This study offers a new insight into heat-transfer passive techniques, focusing on a relaxation of the mixture with a lower critical solution temperature in the course of pulse superheat with respect to the liquid-liquid and liquid-vapour equilibrium lines, as well as the liquid-liquid spi-nodal. The results show an intriguing interplay between spontaneous boiling-up and spinodal decomposition of the mixture against the background of its unstable states. This cover image was created using AI-generated content from Canva. The authors confirm that no human likenesses, copyrighted elements, or misleading representations are included in the image.

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  • Open AccessOpen Access

    ARTICLE

    Short-Term Penetration beyond Diffusion Spinodal of a Mixture: Interaction of Liquid-Liquid and Liquid-Vapour Transitions

    Alexey Melkikh1,2, Sergey Rutin2, Dmitrii V. Antonov3, Pavel Skripov2,*
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 721-737, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.066528 - 30 June 2025
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Heat and Mass Transfer on A Small Temporal and Spatial Scale)
    Abstract The article considers a relaxation of the water/polypropylene glycol-425 solution with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) following its pulsed superheating concerning liquid-liquid and liquid-vapor equilibrium lines, as well as the liquid-liquid spinodal. Superheating was performed using the pulsed heat generation method in a micro-sized wire probe. The main heating mode was the constant (over the pulse length) power mode. Characteristic heating rates ranged from 0.05 × 105 to 2 × 105 K/s, while the degree of superheating concerning the spinodal was up to 200 K. The temperature of spontaneous boiling-up and the amplitude of the… More >

    Graphic Abstract

    Short-Term Penetration beyond Diffusion Spinodal of a Mixture: Interaction of Liquid-Liquid and Liquid-Vapour Transitions

  • Open AccessOpen Access

    ARTICLE

    Experimental Study of a Helium Sorption Cooler with Low Temperature Fluctuation and Long Hold Time below 1 K

    Tianshuo Liu1,2, Xiaoyu Cui1, Lihao Lu2,3, Kongkuai Ying2,*, Yang Wang2,3, Kangjun Liu2, Zilong Wang1, Zhenhua Jiang2,3, Shaoshuai Liu2,3,*
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 739-750, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.064532 - 30 June 2025
    Abstract Helium sorption cooler technology is a key means to realize highly reliable low-vibration very low-temperature environments, which have important applications in fields such as quantum computing and space exploration. The laboratory designed a superfluid suppression small hole and a multi-ribbed condenser, developed a reliable-performance helium sorption cooler (HSC), and conducted experimental studies. Experimental results show that the prototype can achieve the lowest cooling temperature of 873 mK without load by filling 6 MPa helium at room temperature. The low-temperature hold time is 26 h, and the temperature fluctuation is within 0.8 mK. The cooling power More >

  • Open AccessOpen Access

    ARTICLE

    Enhanced Flow Boiling Heat Transfer of HFE-7100 in Open Microchannels Using Micro-Nano Composite Structures

    Liaofei Yin1,*, Kexin Zhang1, Tianjun Qin1, Wenhao Ma1, Yi Ding1, Yawei Xu2,*
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 751-764, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.067385 - 30 June 2025
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer within Novel Cooling Structures)
    Abstract Flow boiling in open microchannels offers highly efficient heat transfer performance and has attracted increasing attention in the fields of heat transfer and thermal management of electronic devices in recent years. However, the continuous rise in power density of electronic components imposes more stringent requirements on the heat transfer capability of microchannel flow boiling. HFE-7100, a dielectric coolant with favorable thermophysical properties, has become a focal point of research for enhancing flow boiling performance in open microchannels. The flow boiling heat transfer performance of HFE-7100 was investigated in this study by fabricating micro-nano composite structures… More >

  • Open AccessOpen Access

    REVIEW

    A Parametrical Comprehensive Review of Solar Assisted Humidification-Dehumidification Desalination Units

    Zahrah F. Hussein1,2,*, Abas Ramiar1, Karima E. Amori3
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 765-817, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.059507 - 30 June 2025
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Heat and Mass Transfer in Energy Equipment)
    Abstract The deficiency of potable water resources and energy supply is emerging as a significant and concerning obstacle to sustainable development. Solar and waste heat-powered humidification dehumidification (HDH) desalination systems become essential due to the severe impacts of global warming and water shortages. This problem highlights the need to apply boosted water desalination solutions. Desalination is a capital-intensive process that demands considerable energy, predominantly sourced from fossil fuels worldwide, posing a significant carbon footprint risk. HDH is a very efficient desalination method suitable for remote areas with moderate freshwater requirements for domestic and agricultural usage. Several… More >

  • Open AccessOpen Access

    ARTICLE

    Design and Optimization of Converging-Diverging Liquid Cooling Channels for Enhanced Thermal Management in Lithium-ion Battery Packs

    Tianjiao Zhang*, Yibo Xu, Long Li, Kequn Li, Hua Zhang
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 819-832, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.064287 - 30 June 2025
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer within Novel Cooling Structures)
    Abstract Power batteries serve as key components of new energy vehicles and are distinguished by their large capacity, long lifespan, high energy density, and stable operation. The strict temperature demands of power battery packs necessitate the development of highly efficient thermal management systems. In this study, a converging-diverging liquid cooling channel featuring a wave shaped structure was designed and analyzed for 18,650-type lithium-ion batteries. To investigate the design methodology for flow channel structure, a thermal model for the heat generation rate of the 18,650-type battery was developed. A comparative analysis of four geometrical configurations of converging-diverging… More >

  • Open AccessOpen Access

    ARTICLE

    Thermal Performance Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Using Hybrid Nanofluids Based on Al2O3, TiO2, and ZnO Nanoparticles

    Ans Ahmed Memon1, Laveet Kumar1,2,*, Abdul Ghafoor Memon1, Khanji Harijan1, Ahmad K. Sleiti2
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 833-856, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.064805 - 30 June 2025
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Innovative Heat Transfer Fluids for Enhanced Energy Sustainability in Thermal Systems)
    Abstract Climate change, rising fuel prices, and fuel security are some challenges that have emerged and have grown worldwide. Therefore, to overcome these obstacles, highly efficient thermodynamic devices and heat recovery systems must be introduced. According to reports, much industrial waste heat is lost as flue gas from boilers, heating plants, etc. The primary objective of this study is to investigate and compare unary (Al2O3) thermodynamically, binary with three different combinations of nanoparticles namely (Al2O3 + TiO2, TiO2 + ZnO, Al2O3 + ZnO) and ternary (Al2O3 + TiO2 + ZnO) as a heat transfer fluid. Initially, three different types of… More >

    Graphic Abstract

    Thermal Performance Analysis of Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger Using Hybrid Nanofluids Based on Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, and ZnO Nanoparticles

  • Open AccessOpen Access

    ARTICLE

    Viscoelastic Flow Analysis with Buongiorno Nanofluid Model over a Nonlinear Stretching Sheet: A Homotopy Approach

    Syamala Ramadevu1, Prathi Vijaya Kumar1, Giulio Lorenzini2,*, Shaik Mohammed Ibrahim3, Kanithi Jyothsna1
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 857-879, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.062231 - 30 June 2025
    Abstract Viscoelastic nanofluid flow has drawn substantial interest due to its industrial uses, including research and testing of medical devices, lubrication and tribology, drug delivery systems, and environmental remediation. This work studies nanofluid flow over a viscoelastic boundary layer, focusing on mass and heat transmission. An analysis is performed on the flow traversing a porous sheet undergoing nonlinear stretching. It assesses the consequences of viscous dissipation and thermal radiation. The scientific nanofluid framework laid out by Buongiorno has been exploited. The partial differential equations illustrating the phenomena can be transfigured into ordinary differential equations by utilizing… More >

  • Open AccessOpen Access

    ARTICLE

    A Simulation Study on Heat Transfer of a Three-Layer Contact Structure under Ultrahigh Heat Flux Considering Thermal Contact Resistance

    Xingjie Ren1,2,#,*, Jianrong Zhang3,4,#, Qingfeng Tang3, Heng Zhang3, Yaling Zhang3,4,*
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 881-897, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.066302 - 30 June 2025
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Microscale Heat and Mass Transfer and Efficient Energy Conversion)
    Abstract This paper investigates interfacial heat transfer characteristics in a multi-layer structure under ultra-high heat flux conditions, focusing on thermal contact resistance (TCR) between adjacent layers. A three-layer computational model with dual rough interfaces was developed to systematically analyze the synergistic effects of interfacial pressure, surface emissivity, and thermal interface materials (TIMs). Surface reconstruction using experimental measurement data generated two representative roughness models to quantify the impact of surface roughness on heat dissipation. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the absence of TIMs leads to insufficient thermal dissipation capacity under ultra-high heat flux conditions. Compared to TIM application, More >

  • Open AccessOpen Access

    ARTICLE

    Characteristics of Heat Transfer in a Reactive Third-Grade Fluid Flow through Porous Plates with Uniform Suction/Injection

    Rajiva Lochan Mohanty, Sumanta Chaudhuri*, Anish Pandey
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 899-919, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.064444 - 30 June 2025
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Heat and Mass Transfer Applications in Engineering and Biomedical Systems: New Developments)
    Abstract Characteristics of heat transfer and flow of Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids through porous walls and in porous media are studied due to their wide range of applications including geothermal reservoirs, heat exchangers, marine propulsion, and aerodynamics. The current study investigates the characteristics of heat transport in a reactive third-grade fluid, moving through permeable parallel plates, with uniform suction/injection velocity. The two permeable, parallel plates are maintained at the same, constant temperature. After being transformed into its dimensionless equivalent, governing equations are solved by employing the Least Squares Method (LSM). The LSM results are further validated… More >

  • Open AccessOpen Access

    ARTICLE

    Effect of Trapezoidal Obstacle Height and Arrangement Density on the Performance Enhancement of Tri-Serpentine PEMFCs

    Hongen Li, Hongjuan Ren*, Cong Li, Yecui Yan
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 921-941, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.066512 - 30 June 2025
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Issues of Hydro and Gas Dynamics, Heat and Mass Transfer in Mechanical Engineering and Energy)
    Abstract The flow field architecture of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) cathode critically determines its performance. To enhance PEMFC operation through structural optimization, trapezoidal obstacles were implemented in the cathode flow channels. The height dependence of these obstacles was systematically investigated, revealing that a 0.7 mm obstacle height enhanced mass transfer from channels to the gas diffusion layer (GDL) compared to conventional triple-serpentine designs. This configuration achieved a 12.08% increase in limiting current density alongside improved water management. Subsequent studies on obstacle distribution density identified 75% density as optimal, delivering maximum net power density More >

  • Open AccessOpen Access

    ARTICLE

    Enhancing Hydrothermal Performance of Dimpled Tubes: Investigating the Impact of Different Dimple Sizes and Distribution along the Tube

    Basima Salman Khalaf*, Abeer H. Falih, Basim Freegah
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 943-956, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.065366 - 30 June 2025
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Heat Transfer Enhancement for Energy Applications)
    Abstract The main purpose of this research is to optimize the hydrothermal performance of a dimpled tube by augmenting the surface area for heat transmission and thermal layer cracking. To achieve that, the impact of different dimple diameters and their distribution along the dimpled tube was investigated numerically using the ANSYS Fluent 2022 R1 software by considering two models, A and B. Both models consist of three regions; the first, second, and third have dimple diameters of 3, 2, & 1 mm, respectively. Model A included an in-line dimple arrangement, while model B involved a staggered… More >

  • Open AccessOpen Access

    ARTICLE

    Performance Optimization of a U-Shaped Liquid Cooling Plate: A Synergistic Study of Flow Guide Plate and Spoiler Columns

    Jing Hu*, Xiaoyu Zhang
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 957-974, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.064892 - 30 June 2025
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer within Novel Cooling Structures)
    Abstract As a core power device in strategic industries such as new energy power generation and electric vehicles, the thermal reliability of IGBT modules directly determines the performance and lifetime of the whole system. A synergistic optimization structure of “inlet plate-channel spoiler columns” is proposed for the local hot spot problem during the operation of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), combined with the inherent defect of uneven flow distribution of the traditional U-type liquid cooling plate in this paper. The influences of the shape, height (H), and spacing from the spoiler column (b) of the plate on… More >

    Graphic Abstract

    Performance Optimization of a U-Shaped Liquid Cooling Plate: A Synergistic Study of Flow Guide Plate and Spoiler Columns

  • Open AccessOpen Access

    ARTICLE

    Comparative Study on the Performance of a Solar Air Heater Using Aluminum Soda Cans with “Different Arrangements”

    Mohammed Salam Abdl Ghafoor, Mohammed K. Al-Saadi, Ameer Abed Jaddoa*
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 975-990, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.064025 - 30 June 2025
    Abstract The comparison of experimental performance was studied for soda cans: longitudinal, transverse, diagonal, and smooth cases to improve the heat transfer rate and thermal performance of the solar air heater, in this study using a frame which has 1.5 m × 0.5 m × 0.05 m dimensions, the arrangements were placed on the absorber plate inside the channel, raising the air’s exit temperature as it passed by. The work was carried out for 4 cases in January in Baghdad, Iraq, under specific conditions to compare them to reach the ideal case and the best performance… More >

  • Open AccessOpen Access

    ARTICLE

    Numerical Simulation on Heat Dissipation Characteristics of Electronic Components with Different Heat Sink Arrangements in High-Performance Server

    Zerui Chen*, Xin Wu, Houpeng Hu, Yang Zhou, Shang Yang
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 991-1011, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.065936 - 30 June 2025
    Abstract As the integration of electronic components in high-performance servers increases, heat generation significantly impacts performance and raises failure rates. Therefore, heat dissipation has become a critical concern in electronic circuit design. This study uses numerical simulations to investigate the heat dissipation characteristics of electronic components in air-cooled servers. By adjusting airflow speed, heat sink configurations, and the arrangement of straight-fin heat sinks, we optimize heat dissipation performance and analyze the mechanisms at different airflow speeds. The results show that, at the same airflow speed, the temperature of the heat sink is lower than that of… More >

  • Open AccessOpen Access

    ARTICLE

    SRM Simulation of Thermal Convective on MHD Nanofluids across Moving Flat Plate

    Shahina Akter1,2, Muhammad Amer Qureshi3, Mohammad Ferdows1,*
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 1013-1036, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.062311 - 30 June 2025
    (This article belongs to the Special Issue: Heat and Mass Transfer Applications in Engineering and Biomedical Systems: New Developments)
    Abstract This study explores free convective heat transfer in an electrically conducting nanofluid flow over a moving semi-infinite flat plate under the influence of an induced magnetic field and viscous dissipation. The velocity and magnetic field vectors are aligned at a distance from the plate. The Spectral Relaxation Method (SRM) is used to numerically solve the coupled nonlinear partial differential equations, analyzing the effects of the Eckert number on heat and mass transfer. Various nanofluids containing , , , and nanoparticles are examined to assess how external magnetic fields influence fluid behavior. Key parameters, including the More >

  • Open AccessOpen Access

    ARTICLE

    Optimum Machine Learning on Gas Extraction and Production for Adaptive Negative Control

    Cheng Cheng*, Xuan-Ping Gong, Xiao-Yu Cheng, Lu Xiao, Xing-Ying Ma
    Frontiers in Heat and Mass Transfer, Vol.23, No.3, pp. 1037-1051, 2025, DOI:10.32604/fhmt.2025.065719 - 30 June 2025
    Abstract To overcome the challenges associated with predicting gas extraction performance and mitigating the gradual decline in extraction volume, which adversely impacts gas utilization efficiency in mines, a gas extraction pure volume prediction model was developed using Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Random Forest (RF), with hyperparameters fine-tuned via the Genetic Algorithm (GA). Building upon this, an adaptive control model for gas extraction negative pressure was formulated to maximize the extracted gas volume within the pipeline network, followed by field validation experiments. Experimental results indicate that the GA-SVR model surpasses comparable models in terms of mean… More >

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